证 券 研 究 【美国债市】 资料来源：BLOOMBERG、AASTOCKS、WIND、格隆汇、国元证券经纪（香港）整理 请务必阅读免责条款 1 报 2025 年 11 月 17 日星期一 【实时热点】 【经济数据】 | 重要指数 | 收市价 | 涨跌(%) | 海外市场重要指数 | 收市价 | 涨跌(%) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 波罗的海干散货 | 2125.00 | 2.31 | 纳斯达克指数 | 22900.59 | 0.13 | | CME比特币期货 | 95045.00 | -3.14 | 道琼斯工业指数 | 47147.48 | -0.65 | | ICE布油 | 64.29 | 2.03 | 美元指数 | 99.28 | 0.11 | | 伦敦金现 | 4082.16 | -2.13 | 标普500 | 6734.11 | -0.05 | | 美元兑人民币(CFETS) | 7.10 | 0.07 | 日经225 | 50376.53 | -1.77 | | 香港重要指数 | 收市价 | 涨跌(%) | | --- | --- | -- ...

早上好，先来关注下国际市场。 金银价格大涨，今年前三季度国内黄金ETF增仓量同比增长164% 昨日，现货黄金价格持续走高，美股盘前向上突破4100美元/盎司，为10月27日以来首次，日内涨超2.6%。纽约期金价格同样突破4100美元/盎司，涨 2.32%。现货白银价格涨逾3.6%，纽约期银价格大涨4%。 截至发稿，现货黄金涨2.81%，报4113.26美元/盎司。纽约期金价格涨2.73%，报4119.2美元/盎司。现货白银价格上涨4.6%，纽约期银价格上涨4.7%。 中信证券近日发布的研报显示，总结历史规律，黄金的长期价格走势与地缘政治和经济形势高度相关。黄金价格上行的驱动力通常来自地缘政治的混乱和 美国经济的弱势表现，金价下行风险则可以总结为五类：美国经济转好、美联储转"鹰"、美国强财政纪律、地缘局势缓和、全球央行卖金，而目前这些风 险都不显著。从长期来看，黄金仍然受益于逆全球化风险带来的全球流动性的扩张和风险偏好抬升。近期金价大幅波动主要由中美经贸关系和美联储降息 预期驱动。展望明年，多种因素仍然很可能主导金价上行。 全球股市大涨 11月10日晚间，美股三大股指集体高开高走，截至22:40，道指涨0.7% ...

Core Insights - The article critiques the trade war initiated by Trump, highlighting that it has worsened the U.S. trade deficit and failed to achieve its intended goals [1][5]. Trade Deficit and Economic Impact - The U.S. goods trade deficit is projected to reach $1.21 trillion in 2024, a 50% increase compared to pre-trade war levels in 2017 [1]. - The trade war has led to increased inflation, with the inflation rate rising to 3% in September, the highest since May [1]. - Tariffs have added approximately $1,500 in annual expenses for American households, disproportionately affecting low- and middle-income families [1]. Employment and Manufacturing - The manufacturing sector has lost 42,000 jobs in 2024, marking the longest decline since early 2020 [1]. - The U.S. automotive industry has seen a decrease in export value by $10.8 billion compared to the previous year, impacted by competition from Chinese automakers and domestic strikes [1]. Agricultural Sector - U.S. soybean exports to China have plummeted from over $10 billion annually to just $2.5 billion in the first half of 2024, while costs for fertilizers and farming equipment have risen due to tariffs [2]. - Many farmers are relying on government subsidies to cope with the financial strain caused by the trade war [2]. Trade Agreement Analysis - The recent ceasefire agreement between the U.S. and China has not resolved core issues, as the U.S. still maintains a 47% tariff on Chinese goods [2]. - The agreement is seen as a temporary measure that does not address deeper conflicts such as intellectual property and market access [2]. Shifts in Trade Dynamics - China's reliance on the U.S. market has decreased significantly, with exports to the U.S. dropping from 20% in 2018 to below 10% [3]. - China has diversified its markets, with exports to Africa increasing by 56.4% and to Southeast Asia by 15.6% [3]. Technological Competition - The U.S. efforts to restrict technology exports to China have not succeeded, as Chinese companies have increased their self-sufficiency in chip production, raising the self-sufficiency rate from 16% in 2020 to 40% [3]. - U.S. companies like Nvidia and Intel have faced significant revenue declines in China, indicating a failure in the U.S. technology strategy [3]. Conclusion on Trade War - The article concludes that the trade war has not benefited the U.S. and has instead weakened its economic position and global influence [4][5].

Core Viewpoint - The Federal Reserve's recent decision to lower interest rates by 25 basis points and halt the balance sheet reduction reflects internal divisions and concerns about economic stability and inflation [1][12]. Group 1: Interest Rate Cut - The Federal Reserve has reduced the federal funds rate from 4.00%-4.25% to 3.75%-4.00%, marking the fifth rate cut since September 2024 and the second consecutive month of cuts [4][12]. - Lower borrowing costs for banks may lead to reduced interest rates for mortgages and corporate loans, potentially stimulating economic activity and increasing wages [4][5]. Group 2: Balance Sheet Reduction Halt - The Fed has decided to stop its balance sheet reduction, which began in 2022, where it allowed $6.6 trillion in assets to "naturally disappear" by not reinvesting in maturing securities [6][9]. - Starting December 1, the Fed will reinvest the principal from maturing mortgage-backed securities into short-term Treasury bonds, signaling a return of liquidity to the market [7][9]. Group 3: Market Reactions - Following the Fed's announcement, financial markets experienced volatility, with initial gains in U.S. stocks and gold prices, but later corrections occurred after Fed Chair Powell indicated uncertainty about future rate cuts [12][13]. - The Dow Jones index fell by 0.16%, while the Nasdaq index rose by 0.55%, driven by strong performance from tech stocks like Nvidia, which saw a nearly 3% increase [12][13]. Group 4: Internal Divisions - The Fed is experiencing notable internal divisions, with dovish members advocating for aggressive rate cuts to stimulate the economy, while hawkish members express concerns about potential inflation risks [15][16]. - The debate extends to the balance sheet strategy, with differing opinions on whether to continue reducing the asset size or maintain the current level to ensure market stability [16].

Group 1: Market Overview - On October 16, international gold prices closed above $4,300 per ounce, reaching a record high due to increased investor interest in gold as a risk hedge amid economic uncertainties [2] - The U.S. stock market experienced a decline after initial gains, with the Dow Jones down 0.65%, S&P 500 down 0.63%, and Nasdaq down 0.47% due to concerns over bank loan issues and fraud allegations [1] Group 2: Corporate Developments - Nestlé announced plans to cut approximately 16,000 jobs, equivalent to 6% of its total workforce, and aims to save about 3 billion Swiss francs (approximately 26.8 billion RMB) by the end of 2027, leading to a significant increase in its stock price by over 9% [3] Group 3: Economic Indicators - The UK GDP showed a minimal growth of 0.1% in August, with July's data revised to a contraction of 0.1%, indicating ongoing stagnation in the service sector and presenting challenges for the Chancellor [4] - U.S. crude oil inventories rose by 3.5 million barrels, significantly exceeding expectations, which contributed to a drop in international oil prices to a five-month low, with WTI crude at $57.46 per barrel and Brent crude at $61.06 per barrel [5]

1. Report Industry Investment Rating - The report does not provide an industry investment rating. 2. Core Viewpoints - The global economy is entering the top - region due to the US's continuous wrong policies [2] - After the key nodes at the end of October (trade conflicts, tech giants' earnings reports, Fed decisions), if the Nasdaq continues to rise, the market will enter the strong upward phase of the last stage of the bull market, but also the most dangerous top moment is approaching [1] 3. Summary According to Related Information Global Economic News - Fed Chair Powell hinted at a possible rate cut in October and a potential halt to balance - sheet reduction in the coming months [1] - The US bank raised its price forecasts for gold to $5000 per ounce and silver to $65 per ounce in 2026 [1] - Google's parent company Alphabet will invest $15 billion in India over five years to build an AI data - center hub [1][2] - OpenAI plans to invest up to $25 billion in Argentina to build a data - center hub [1] - Goldman Sachs will limit employee growth and cut some positions by the end of this year and launched the "OneGS 3.0" strategy [1] Chinese Economic News - China's September exports were $328.5 billion, up 8.3% year - on - year, and imports rose 7.4% year - on - year, with the growth rates hitting multi - month highs [2] - The RMB central parity rate against the US dollar was reported at 7.0995, up 26 points, the first time since last November [1][2] - According to the HSBC emerging market survey, China is the preferred stock investment market, and 100 surveyed institutions manage $423 billion of emerging - market assets [2] Tech - related News - Huawei announced the evolution and goals of its Ascend chips, with computing power leading Nvidia by over a year [2] - Alibaba is actively promoting 380 billion yuan of AI infrastructure construction and plans to increase investment [2] - Broadcom released the Thor Ultra network chip, strengthening its position in AI data - center network communication and competing with Nvidia [1]

Core Viewpoint - The Federal Reserve's recent shift from aggressive interest rate hikes to rate cuts indicates a response to economic challenges, potentially leading to significant capital flows into China as investors seek more attractive returns [2][4][10]. Group 1: Federal Reserve Policy Changes - The Federal Reserve's policy has fluctuated from extensive asset purchases in 2021 to tightening measures, and now to a more accommodative stance with a 25 basis point rate cut in September 2023, reflecting concerns about economic strength [2][4]. - The Fed's balance sheet remains above $7 trillion, indicating a slow reduction in asset purchases while maintaining a low-interest-rate environment [4][10]. - Analysts suggest that continued rate cuts could weaken the US dollar, benefiting emerging markets, particularly China [4][10]. Group 2: Capital Flows to China - Goldman Sachs predicts that the Fed's rate cuts may prompt Chinese companies to sell $1 trillion in dollar assets and reinvest in renminbi, driven by changes in interest rate differentials [5][12]. - China's bond market is attracting foreign investment, with foreign institutions holding over 4 trillion renminbi in bonds, and significant trading activity recorded [5][10]. - The stability of Chinese government bond yields at around 2.5% compared to declining US Treasury yields makes Chinese assets more appealing to global investors [5][10]. Group 3: Global Currency Dynamics - Central banks are reportedly reducing their dollar reserves while increasing their holdings in renminbi, with 30% of bank leaders planning to increase renminbi allocations within two years [7][12]. - The weakening US dollar, which has dropped from a high of 114 to around 90, is expected to raise commodity prices, benefiting countries with strong currencies like China [7][10]. - The trend of increasing gold reserves among emerging markets, including China, is seen as a strategy to reduce reliance on the dollar and enhance financial security [7][12]. Group 4: Economic Context and Future Outlook - The US economy is projected to grow at around 2.5% in 2024, but consumer spending remains weak, leading to a cautious outlook on economic recovery [4][10]. - The ongoing US-China economic tensions, particularly in technology and supply chains, may influence capital flows and investment strategies [9][10]. - The potential for a "Pearl Harbor" event in the financial sector, such as a sudden devaluation of the dollar, is a concern for global markets, prompting countries to diversify their reserves [12][16].

Group 1: US Economic Situation - The US is experiencing a significant economic crisis despite being the world's largest economy, leading to the Federal Reserve's decision to cut interest rates for the first time this year [2][4] - The current economic environment in the US is characterized by "stagflation," with rising inflation and a cooling economy, raising doubts about the rationale for continued rate cuts [5] - The internal division within the Federal Reserve is increasing, with interest rate decisions becoming more influenced by political considerations rather than economic fundamentals [5][8] Group 2: Federal Reserve's Interest Rate Decisions - The Federal Reserve's dot plot indicates a high probability of two more rate cuts in November and December, totaling 75 basis points, but the path remains uncertain [8] - There are concerns about the erosion of the Federal Reserve's "policy independence" due to political pressures, particularly with the upcoming departure of Powell and the ongoing influence of Trump [8] Group 3: US-China Relations - The ongoing US-China competition is marked by threats of increased tariffs and sanctions, with both sides engaging in strategic maneuvers [10] - China's strategy focuses on maintaining communication to avoid misjudgments while not being swayed by the fluctuating policies of the Trump administration [10] Group 4: European Debt Crisis - The UK is facing a severe bond sell-off, with long-term bond yields reaching 5.7%, indicating a crisis of confidence in the sustainability of European debt [12][14] - The European Union is struggling with a fiscal crisis, where the choice between cutting public welfare or increasing debt leads to a political deadlock [14][16] - The European Central Bank's rate cuts are unlikely to resolve the fundamental issues, potentially exacerbating market concerns and leading to higher bond yields [18] Group 5: Comparative Analysis of US and European Debt - The credit foundations of US and European debt are fundamentally different, with US debt supported by its reserve currency status and military strength, while European debt lacks a unified fiscal structure [18] - The outflow of "low-risk funds" from European debt is currently flowing back into US debt as a safe haven, indicating a divergence in market behavior [18] Group 6: Future Outlook - The upcoming months will focus on the Federal Reserve's interest rate trajectory and the potential spread of European debt risks [20] - A rational public response and personal asset planning are essential in navigating the current macroeconomic landscape [20]

Group 1 - The core issue for India is its heavy reliance on foreign imports for essential goods, including oil, vehicle parts, and pharmaceuticals, which undermines its aspirations to become a strong nation [3][5][10] - India's manufacturing sector is significantly underdeveloped, with the country unable to produce even basic components like screws, highlighting a gap in its industrial capabilities compared to China [5][10] - The Indian government faces challenges in establishing manufacturing facilities due to bureaucratic inefficiencies, land disputes, and environmental legal issues, leading to delays in project completion [7][8] Group 2 - The Indian government's narrative of self-reliance is contradicted by the reality of its dependence on foreign technology for critical sectors like shipbuilding and semiconductor production [3][10] - There is a lack of effective talent retention in India, as many skilled professionals prefer to work abroad due to poor infrastructure and bureaucratic hurdles at home [5][8] - The current strategic direction of India's development is criticized for being unrealistic and overly focused on IT and services, neglecting the foundational importance of manufacturing [8][10]

Core Viewpoint - The U.S. has implemented a new policy targeting China's shipbuilding industry, imposing additional service fees on Chinese-built ships entering U.S. ports, aiming to curb China's dominance in shipbuilding and support its own shipyards [2][3]. Group 1: U.S. Policy and Its Implications - The U.S. Trade Representative's office announced a policy on February 21, 2025, requiring additional fees for Chinese-built ships, starting from October 14, with fees set at $50 per ton for Chinese ships and $18 per ton or $120 per container for non-Chinese ships [2]. - The policy stems from a Section 301 investigation initiated on April 17, 2024, which highlighted China's subsidies and market practices, leading to significant cost increases for Chinese ships entering U.S. ports [3]. - The average cost for a large Chinese-built ship could double, resulting in an increase of $200 per TEU (Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit) for shipping costs, which poses challenges for global trade [3]. Group 2: China's Shipbuilding Industry Performance - China's shipbuilding industry has been performing exceptionally well, with a completion rate of 55.7% of global shipbuilding, 74.1% of new orders, and 63.1% of hand-held orders as of January 16, 2024 [5]. - China leads in 14 out of 18 major ship types, including bulk carriers, oil tankers, and container ships, and has captured over 70% of global orders for green ships in the first three quarters of 2024 [5]. Group 3: Impact on Global Shipping and Competitors - Following the U.S. policy announcement, Chinese ship orders plummeted, with Norwegian and European shipping giants redirecting 30% of their orders to South Korean shipyards, which are now benefiting from the situation [6]. - South Korean shipyards, such as Hyundai Heavy Industries and Samsung Heavy Industries, have introduced "zero-risk compensation clauses" to attract clients and have seen a 25% increase in order tonnage by July [6]. - The global shipping chain has been disrupted, leading to increased shipping costs for high-value goods and a significant drop in shipping stocks on Wall Street [9]. Group 4: China's Countermeasures - In response to the U.S. policy, China has initiated reciprocal measures, including additional fees on Boeing aircraft entering Chinese ports and antitrust investigations into Qualcomm, impacting U.S. companies heavily reliant on the Chinese market [11]. - Chinese shipyards are upgrading their equipment and improving efficiency to capture markets in Southeast Asia and India, maintaining their leading position in global orders [11]. Group 5: Long-term Industry Dynamics - The ongoing trade conflict represents a struggle for global maritime influence, with shipping accounting for over 90% of world trade, and future trends leaning towards green transformation and digitalization [12]. - Despite U.S. efforts to regain its shipbuilding industry, analysts suggest that China's market share will remain above 60%, as the resilience of its industrial chain and international cooperation will enable it to adapt [12][14].