证券研究报告 | 2025年07月30日 债海观潮，大势研判 关注"反内卷" 的走向 投资策略 · 固定收益 2025年第八期 0755-22940745 zhaojing@guosen.com.cn S0980513080004 证券分析师：赵婧 证券分析师：季家辉 021-61761056 jijiahui@guosen.com.cn S0980522010002 0755-22940456 lizn@guosen.com.cn S0980516060001 证券分析师：李智能 0755-81982035 tiandi2@guosen.com.cn S0980524090003 证券分析师：董德志 021-60933158 dongdz@guosen.com.cn S0980513100001 证券分析师：田地 请务必阅读正文之后的免责声明及其项下所有内容 摘要 请务必阅读正文之后的免责声明及其项下所有内容 l 2025年7月债券行情回顾 l 海内外基本面回顾与展望 请务必阅读正文之后的免责声明及其项下所有内容 ü 海外基本面：美国经济景气分化，就业稳步增长 ü 国内基本面：6月生产强、需求弱 ü 国信高 ...

Group 1 - The report indicates that the recent adjustment in the bond market has led to a significant rise in the 10-year government bond yield, which has increased by over 10 basis points to around 1.75% [1][12][51] - Historical patterns suggest that similar rapid increases in interest rates typically occur during periods of policy tightening or improved economic expectations. Although inflation expectations have risen, the primary driver for the current bond yield increase is the unexpected rise in commodity prices [1][12][51] - The report forecasts limited upward movement in bond yields in the short term, with the 10-year government bond yield expected to fluctuate between 1.65% and 1.80% in August. Investors are advised to focus on potential rebound opportunities due to the high level of unrealized losses in 10-year bonds [1][12][51] Group 2 - The report discusses the current state of the yield curve, noting that it is relatively flat historically, with limited potential for steepening due to insufficient monetary easing. The report suggests that the yield curve's shape is increasingly influenced by long-term rates [13][54] - Three potential paths for the yield curve to steepen are identified: 1) Central bank announcements of bond purchases, 2) Further easing of funding rates, and 3) Stronger-than-expected economic performance [54][55] - From a portfolio construction perspective, the report recommends an "barbell" strategy, favoring a mix of 2-3 year credit bonds and long-end active bonds, while only considering bullet strategies if there is significant potential for steepening in the yield curve [55][56] Group 3 - The report highlights specific bond selection strategies, indicating that for long-term bonds, attention should be given to bonds such as 230023 and 25T5, while mid-term bonds like 250003, 250405, and 250415 are also recommended [4][19][20] - In the context of credit bonds, the report notes a recent increase in credit spreads, suggesting improved holding value for credit bonds. It recommends maintaining a small position in long-term credit bonds, particularly in the 7-8 year range, while monitoring for potential adjustments based on funding conditions and interest rate movements [20][21] - The report also emphasizes the importance of monitoring the performance of government bond futures, which have shown a significant decline compared to cash bonds, indicating a favorable hedging value [5][21]

国信证券 GUOSEN SECURITIES 证券分析师: 赵婧 证券分析师: 陈笑楠 021-60375421 0755-22940745 chenxiaonan@guosen.com.cn zhaojing@guosen.com.cn S0980524080001 S0980513080004 请务必阅读正文之后的免责声明及其项下所有内容 浮息债全解 利率变局中的攻守之道 专题报告 · 固定收益 证券分析师: 季家辉 021-61761056 jijiahui@guosen.com.cn S0980522010002 证券研究报告 | 2025年07月24日 证券分析师: 董德志 021-60933158 dongdz@guosen.com.cn S0980513100001 目录 浮息债历史变迁及现状 01 02 浮息债估值方法 浮息债的相对价值考察 请务必阅读正文之后的免责声明及其项下所有内容 04 浮息债的绝对价值考察 . 基于历史回溯 当前浮息债所隐含的未来降息路径 05 基于历史回溯 06 浮息债投资价值思考 E 信 11-5 03 ． 浮息债估值原理与理论计算方法拆解 从估值公式出发: 浮息债 ...

Report Summary 1. Report Industry Investment Rating No industry investment rating information is provided in the report. 2. Core Viewpoints - The value of floating - rate bonds is affected by factors such as changes in the benchmark interest rate, term spreads, and market expectations of interest rate movements. In a rising interest - rate environment, floating - rate bonds are more resistant to price declines compared to fixed - rate bonds, but they perform relatively weakly in a falling interest - rate environment. - Based on simulations of floating - rate bonds, the market expects the 1 - year LPR to decline steadily in the next two years, reaching a low of 2.8% in April 2027, and then rise to 3.1% by the end of 2027. - Considering the potential for additional interest rate cuts in the second half of the year, the allocation value of floating - rate bonds may be lower than that of fixed - rate bonds. Similarly, the current allocation value of DR007 floating - rate bonds may also be lower than that of fixed - rate bonds [167][177]. 3. Directory Summaries 3.1 China's Floating - Rate Bond Historical Changes - **Issuance Scale**: Over the past 30 years, China's floating - rate bond issuance scale has shown a fluctuating upward trend, with three rounds of expansion and adjustment. The issuance scale reached a historical peak of 637.6 billion yuan in 2021, but has significantly decreased in the past three years [14]. - **Benchmark Interest Rate**: It has evolved from a single benchmark (1 - year fixed - deposit interest rate) to a diversified one. Currently, LPR and DR007 are the mainstream benchmark interest rates [20][27]. - **Bond Types**: Policy - bank bonds and asset - backed securities have alternately dominated the market. Since 2022, policy - bank bonds have once again become the main type of floating - rate bonds [34][41]. - **Issuance Term**: The issuance term has changed from being highly concentrated (7 - 10 years) to gradually diversified and then re - concentrated (2 - 3 years) [46][51]. 3.2 Floating - Rate Bond Valuation Method - **Valuation Principle**: Based on the discounted cash - flow method (DCF), the present value of a floating - rate bond is calculated by discounting future coupon payments and the principal at maturity to the current point in time. However, the difficulty lies in predicting future coupon payments and selecting the discount rate [63][64]. - **Factors Affecting Investment Value**: Changes in the benchmark interest rate and term spreads (∆y) affect the value of floating - rate bonds. Generally, an increase in the benchmark interest rate leads to a decrease in bond value, and vice versa. The impact of term spreads on bond value needs to be analyzed in combination with changes in the benchmark interest rate [77][80]. 3.3 Relative Value of Floating - Rate Bonds - **Comparison with Fixed - Rate Bonds**: In a rising interest - rate environment, the price decline of floating - rate bonds is smaller than that of fixed - rate bonds; in a falling interest - rate environment, floating - rate bonds perform slightly worse than fixed - rate bonds [86][94]. 3.4 Absolute Value of Floating - Rate Bonds (Based on Historical Backtracking) - By observing the historical trends of floating - rate bonds with DR007 as the benchmark, it is found that the value changes of floating - rate bonds are complex and are affected by the fluctuations of the National Development Bank bond rate and DR007. When the two rates move in opposite directions, the direction of the floating - rate bond value change is clear; when they are stable, the value center of the floating - rate bond is stable; when they move in the same direction, the direction of the value change is uncertain [101][134]. 3.5 Future Interest - Rate Cut Path Implied by Current Floating - Rate Bonds - By simulating the cash flows of floating - rate bonds, the market's implied interest - rate cut/ hike path for the 1 - year LPR in the next three years can be predicted. The market expects the 1 - year LPR to decline steadily in the next two years, reach a low of 2.8% in April 2027, and then rise to 3.1% by the end of 2027. The implied interest - rate cut expectations of floating - rate National Development Bank bonds are stronger than those of Agricultural Development Bank bonds [154][162]. 3.6 Investment Value of Floating - Rate Bonds - **1 - year LPR Floating - Rate Bonds**: Considering the potential for additional interest rate cuts in the second half of the year, the allocation value of floating - rate bonds may be lower than that of fixed - rate bonds [167]. - **DR007 Floating - Rate Bonds**: Through scenario analysis, it is found that under most scenarios, the current allocation value of DR007 floating - rate bonds is lower than that of fixed - rate bonds [172][175].

1. Report Industry Investment Rating No information about the report industry investment rating is provided in the given content. 2. Core Viewpoints of the Report - The scale of floating - rate bonds in China is still small. As of the end of 2024, the outstanding amount of floating - rate bonds was 52.01 billion yuan, accounting for 0.3% of the total bond balance [34]. - The valuation of floating - rate bonds is based on the discounted cash flow method (DCF), and the difficulty lies in predicting future coupon payments and selecting the discount rate [2][54]. - The change in the benchmark interest rate is inversely related to the bond value. The farther the valuation date is from the reset date, the greater the impact of interest rate changes on the bond value. The term spread is also inversely related to the bond value when the benchmark interest rate is constant, and the impact on the bond price needs to be observed in combination with the benchmark interest rate [2]. - Floating - rate bonds are more resistant to decline in a bear market and weaker in a bull market compared to fixed - rate bonds [2]. - The floating - rate bonds imply that the 1 - year LPR will first decline and then rise in the next three years, and the implied interest - rate cut expectation of floating - rate bonds of China Development Bank is stronger than that of Agricultural Development Bank bonds [3]. - Considering the expiration of US tariff exemptions and the appreciation of the RMB, an additional 10 - 20BP interest - rate cut is expected in the second half of the year, and the decline of 1YLPR in the second half of the year is likely to be higher than the implied value of floating - rate bonds [4][99]. 3. Summary According to the Directory 3.1 China's Floating - Rate Bond Historical Changes - The issuance scale of floating - rate bonds has fluctuated and increased, with significant shrinkage in the past three years. It has experienced three rounds of expansion and adjustment, with the peak issuance scale reaching 64.16 billion yuan in 2021, and the average issuance scale from 2022 - 2024 being only 16.34 billion yuan [14][17]. - The benchmark interest rate has changed from single to diversified, from the 1 - year fixed - deposit interest rate at the beginning to various types such as SHIBOR, LPR, and DR [20][21]. - Policy - bank bonds and asset - backed securities (ABS) have alternately dominated. Since 2022, policy - bank bonds have become the main type again [26]. - The issuance term has evolved from being highly concentrated (7 - 10 years) to gradually dispersed and then re - concentrated (2 - 3 years) [28][30]. 3.2 China's Floating - Rate Bond Current Situation - As of the end of 2024, the outstanding amount of floating - rate bonds was 52.01 billion yuan, accounting for 0.3% of the total bond balance. By bond type, the top three are policy - bank bonds, ABS, and non - financial corporate credit bonds. By benchmark interest rate, the top three are the 1 - year loan prime rate (LPR), the 7 - day inter - bank pledged repo rate, and the 5 - year loan prime rate (LPR). By issuance term, the top three are 2 - 3 years, over 10 years, and 7 - 10 years [34]. 3.3 Floating - Rate Bond Valuation Method - The valuation of floating - rate bonds is based on the DCF method, which discounts future coupon payments and principal to the current point in time. The difficulty lies in predicting future coupon payments and selecting the discount rate [54]. - The China Foreign Exchange Trade System simplifies the valuation formula by assuming that the benchmark interest rate remains unchanged after the valuation date, but this method does not reflect the market's expectation of future interest rates [56]. 3.4 Theoretical Analysis of Factors Affecting the Investment Value of Floating - Rate Bonds - The change in the benchmark interest rate is inversely related to the bond value. When the benchmark interest rate rises, the bond value falls, and vice versa. The farther the valuation date is from the reset date, the greater the impact of interest rate changes on the bond value [2][66]. - When the benchmark interest rate is constant, the term spread is inversely related to the bond value. The impact on the bond price needs to be observed in combination with the benchmark interest rate [72]. 3.5 Comparison between Floating - Rate Bonds and Fixed - Rate Bonds - In a rising - interest - rate environment, both floating - rate bonds and fixed - rate bonds will decline in price, but the decline of floating - rate bonds is smaller. In a falling - interest - rate environment, the price increase of fixed - rate bonds is greater than that of floating - rate bonds [78]. 3.6 Current Pricing Investigation of Floating - Rate Bonds - By studying the price changes of floating - rate bonds, the market's expectation of future monetary - policy trends can be inferred. The floating - rate bonds imply that the 1 - year LPR will first decline and then rise in the next three years, and the implied interest - rate cut expectation of floating - rate bonds of China Development Bank is stronger than that of Agricultural Development Bank bonds [3][83]. 3.7 Analysis of the Value of Floating - Rate Bonds from Future Interest - Rate Adjustment Range and Rhythm - Considering the expiration of US tariff exemptions and the appreciation of the RMB, an additional 10 - 20BP interest - rate cut is expected in the second half of the year, and the decline of 1YLPR in the second half of the year is likely to be higher than the implied value of floating - rate bonds. The allocation value of floating - rate bonds in the second half of the year may be lower than that of fixed - rate bonds [4][99]. - Four interest - rate cut scenarios are simulated, and the interest - rate increase rhythms at which the allocation values of floating - rate and fixed - rate bonds are in equilibrium are fitted for each scenario [100].

Key Insights - The report indicates that the A-share market is expected to experience a seasonal rebound in July, driven by policy and performance factors, with a stable upward trend anticipated [3][2][1] - The focus for July is on three main lines: consumption, technology, and dividends, with growth sectors like technology expected to have good development prospects and investment opportunities [3][2][1] - The construction industry is seeing a recovery in activity, with a business activity index of 52.8% in June, indicating expansion, while fixed asset investment growth is slowing [5][6] - Infrastructure investment remains high, with broad infrastructure investment growth at 10.44% year-on-year for the first five months of the year, although narrow infrastructure investment growth is at 5.6% [6][9] - The real estate sector is under pressure, with a 10.7% year-on-year decline in development investment for the first five months, but policy measures are expected to improve market confidence [7][9] - The floating rate bond market is developing, with a current market size of approximately 495.9 billion yuan, accounting for about 0.3% of the total bond market [13][12] - The banking sector is benefiting from a supportive monetary policy environment, with expectations of continued easing and structural policy tools to support key areas like technology and consumption [20][21][23]

固收研究报告 研究助理:张岩东 ☎: 15210804363 网: zhangyandong_yj@chinastock.com.cn 2025年7月2日 分析师 刘雅坤 ☎：17887940037 网: liuyakun_yj@chinastock.com.cn 分析师登记编码：S0130523100001 风险提示 www.chinastock.com.cn 证券研究报告 请务必阅读正文最后的中国银河证券股份有限公司免责声明 何为浮息债?根据付息方式的不同,债券主要可分为零息债券、贴现债券、固息债券、 浮息债券、利随本清债券。浮息债券是发行时规定债券利率随某个基准市场利率定期浮 动的债券,是由有固定中长期资金需要的主体发行的一般融资工具。浮息债挂钩的基准 利率较为多元,基准利率包括 LPR, DR007 和 SHIBOR 和一年定期存款利率, 当前我 国浮息债以挂钩 DR007 和 LPR 为主。 ● 浮息债估值方法。相比固息债,浮息债估值更为复杂。关于如何进行浮息债券估值,基 本思想是采用现金流折现的方法。根据中债金融估值中心的处理方法解决案例如下。对 于这里以估价全价给出,相应的估价净公式减去对应的应 ...

1. Report Industry Investment Rating No relevant content provided. 2. Core Views of the Report - The third quarter is a crucial observation window to determine the market direction. If inflation does not rise significantly in the next 2 - 3 months, the risk of rising unemployment increases, and bond market opportunities from September to the fourth quarter improve. If inflation rises significantly in the third quarter, the probability of a wage - inflation spiral increases, and interest rates may remain high or even rise further [3][36]. - The spread of US dollar bonds still has an upward risk, and attention should be paid to the evolution of the US fundamentals. It is recommended to choose sectors with relatively low volatility, such as the brokerage and state - owned enterprise sectors, and pay attention to floating - rate bonds [3]. - The high interest rate spread supports the US dollar index. Although the US dollar index has declined overall in the first half of the year, it may still trade in the range of 95 - 105 in the second half of the year with limited downside space [4][53]. 3. Summary by Directory Market Review: Policy Disturbance, US Treasury Bond Volatility, and Outperformance of Chinese - funded US Dollar Bonds - US asset prices mainly traded around policy in the first half of the year, with the 10Y US Treasury bond yield fluctuating in the range of 4% - 4.7%. From January to March, government spending cuts and trade uncertainties led to a reversal of optimism among US enterprises and residents, pushing down the US Treasury bond yield. In April, policy uncertainties led to the selling of US Treasury bonds. In May, the risk situation improved, but fiscal concerns resurfaced, causing the yield to rise [7][9]. - High - yield bonds outperformed investment - grade and sovereign bonds in terms of investment returns in the first half of the year. In the Sino - US comparison, the performance of investment - grade bonds mainly depends on static coupons, while the performance rhythm of high - yield bonds is affected by policies [12]. - The spread of investment - grade US dollar bonds first rose and then fell, while the spread of high - yield Chinese - funded US dollar bonds generally increased. The spread increase was controllable due to the stable performance of US hard data [16]. Benchmark Interest Rate Outlook: The Third Quarter is a Crucial Observation Window to Determine the Market Direction - The US fundamentals remained stable in the first half of the year, with the average tariff rate expected to increase by about 16%. The inflation pressure on residents' consumption has not yet emerged, and the employment market shows initial signs of pressure but remains generally stable. The reasons for the stable employment market may be the relatively stable corporate profit growth and the tightening of immigration policies [19][31]. - The third quarter is a window period to test whether the US economy moves towards "stagflation" or "inflation". If inflation does not rise significantly in the next 2 - 3 months, the risk of rising unemployment increases, and bond market opportunities improve. If inflation rises significantly, interest rates may remain high. The opportunities for US Treasury bonds in the fourth quarter may be greater than in the third quarter [36][38]. - Attention should be paid to the potential impact of events such as the expiration of higher reciprocal tariff exemptions, the passage of tax reform bills, and the debt ceiling. The potential SLR ratio adjustment or exemption in summer may release banks' bond - allocation potential and bring investment opportunities for the upward movement of Treasury bond swap spreads, but the effect may be limited [38][47]. Exchange Rate Outlook: High Interest Rate Spread Supports the US Dollar Index - The US dollar index has weakened since the beginning of the year due to policy uncertainties, concerns about fiscal sustainability, and the reduction of exchange - rate risk hedging ratios by some foreign investors [50][52]. - The high interest rate spread still supports the US dollar index. In the second half of the year, the US dollar index may trade in the range of 95 - 105 with limited downside space. The eurozone's growth recovery faces obstacles, and Japan's economy may be affected by weak external demand. If there is no further policy disturbance, the previous over - decline of the US dollar may be corrected [53]. - The market sentiment is gradually recovering, as indicated by the upward movement of the US dollar risk - reversal index and the potential support of the US stock market's relative outperformance over European stocks for the US dollar index [66]. US Dollar Bond Strategy: The Spread Still Has an Upward Risk, and Attention Should Be Paid to the Evolution of the US Fundamentals - The spread of US dollar bonds still has an upward risk, and attention should be paid to the evolution of the US fundamentals. It is recommended to appropriately tighten the credit risk exposure in the second half of the year [70]. - After considering the exchange - rate hedging, the domestic - foreign spread of investment - grade US dollar bonds is at a low level [74]. - It is recommended to pay attention to sectors such as brokerage and floating - rate bonds. It is advisable to shrink the credit exposure or choose sectors with relatively low turnover and volatility. Floating - rate bonds have relative value, with shorter durations and potential for spread recovery [75]. - In the short term, there are relatively few opportunities for interest - rate bonds. For credit bonds, the credit spread still has an upward risk, and attention should be paid to the US fundamentals [79].

Summary of Key Points from the Conference Call Industry Overview - The focus is on the bond market and monetary policy in China, particularly regarding the central bank's actions and their implications for interest rates and economic support. Core Insights and Arguments 1. **Monetary Policy and Interest Rates** - The central bank's reverse repo operations are stabilizing market expectations, with a potential for further rate cuts in the second half of the year to support economic growth [1][3][8] - A 10 basis point rate cut has already occurred in Q2, with expectations for additional cuts in Q3 [1][3][8] 2. **Market Expectations and Bond Purchases** - Large purchases of short-term bonds by major banks may indicate the central bank's intention to restart bond-buying operations, which could lead to lower interest rates [1][3][9] - The short-term government bond yield is expected to trend towards 1.1%, while the 10-year bond yield may break below 1.6% and approach 1.5% [1][6][9] 3. **Factors Influencing Interest Rate Movements** - A significant amount of maturing certificates of deposit and fluctuations in the funding environment may temporarily restrict interest rate declines [1][7] - Positive outcomes from US-China negotiations could slightly increase market risk appetite, potentially affecting rates by 2-3 basis points [1][4][5][7] 4. **Investment Strategies** - A bullish approach is recommended for the next two to three months, focusing on 3 to 5-year bullet bonds if the central bank resumes bond purchases [1][9][11] - In the absence of such expectations, a strategy favoring ticket interest or yield spread compression is advised [1][9][11] 5. **Long-term Credit Bonds** - Long-term credit bonds are viewed as having high certainty in the current market environment, with recommendations to focus on 8-year medium-term notes and 6 to 10-year subordinated capital bonds [1][15] 6. **Local vs. National Bonds** - The spread between local and national bonds is expected to remain stable, with local bond issuance anticipated to increase in Q3 [1][16][17] 7. **Liquidity and Trading Strategies** - Active bonds are reasonably priced and maintain good liquidity, making them suitable for trading [1][21] - Investors are advised to monitor changes in liquidity premiums and bond pricing dynamics [1][21] 8. **Floating vs. Fixed Rate Bonds** - Floating rate bonds are currently reasonably priced, but may not outperform fixed-rate bonds if short-term rates decline [1][24] 9. **Government Bond Futures** - Current pricing of government bond futures is considered high, but they still hold hedging value. Strategies may include shorting corresponding futures to capture yield [1][25] Other Important Considerations - The overall economic outlook remains dependent on continued monetary support, with expectations for the central bank to take action to stabilize market conditions amid significant government bond supply pressures [1][8] - The anticipated bond market dynamics suggest a cautious yet opportunistic approach to investment, with a focus on liquidity and yield optimization [1][9][15]

Summary of Key Points from Conference Call Industry Overview - The conference call primarily discusses the bond market, focusing on interest rates, monetary policy, and investment strategies in the context of recent economic developments. Core Insights and Arguments - **Impact of Monetary Policy**: The dual reduction policy has not fully released its effects on the market. Short-term bond rates have some downward space, but the extent is limited, expected to be no more than 10 basis points [1][6][5]. - **Long-term Rate Adjustments**: Long-term bond rates are facing adjustments due to previous overpricing. If short-term rates remain low, there may be opportunities for long-term rates to catch up, but risks from trade negotiations and fundamental expectations must be monitored [1][5][9]. - **Market Pricing Dynamics**: Current bond market pricing indicates that the market has not fully priced in the recent monetary policy changes. The yield curve should have steepened if the market had anticipated the dual reduction, but this has not occurred [2][3]. - **Investment Strategy Recommendations**: A barbell investment strategy is recommended, focusing on liquidity and constructing a bullet-like portfolio with an emphasis on short-term credit bonds and high-yield local government bonds [1][10][12]. - **Long-term Credit Bonds**: Long-term credit bonds over five years are not particularly recommended due to poor liquidity and high duration risks. However, bonds from entities like Chengtong, State Grid, and Railways are considered for purchase if liquidity is assured [4][11]. Additional Important Content - **Future Rate Movements**: Factors that could lead to significant rate increases include trade negotiations, domestic consumption, and better-than-expected foreign trade data. Conversely, tight funding conditions could also push rates up [8][9]. - **Current Market Conditions**: The current market environment is characterized by a lack of significant downward pressure on overall interest rates, with limited space for further declines [6][10]. - **Use of Futures for Hedging**: High prices for government bond futures present opportunities for hedging against interest rate increases, with potential for over 2% risk-free annualized returns [19][20]. - **Curve Trading Strategies**: In the current market, curve trading strategies involve shorting longer-term futures while going long on shorter-term contracts to optimize returns based on price differentials [21][22]. This summary encapsulates the key points discussed in the conference call, providing insights into the bond market's current state and future outlook.