Core Viewpoint - Singapore's Government Investment Corporation (GIC) was established in 1981 to manage the country's foreign reserves and ensure effective wealth management, focusing on long-term stable returns and risk control [4][6]. Group 1: Background and Establishment of GIC - Singapore's strategic location and policies have led to a high savings rate, making it the first country to accumulate reserves from trade and capital surpluses [4]. - GIC was created to manage the growing foreign reserves and to separate the management of monetary reserves from the central bank's responsibilities, which were previously handled by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) [8][9]. - The establishment of GIC marked a shift from traditional cash management to a broader investment strategy, including international stocks and bonds [8]. Group 2: Dual Reserve Management System - GIC operates under a "dual-track" reserve management system, where MAS manages monetary reserves for currency stability, while GIC focuses on long-term investments with non-monetary reserves [9][10]. - This system allows for a clear separation of responsibilities, with MAS handling liquidity management and GIC managing government fiscal surpluses [10]. Group 3: Investment Strategy and Performance - GIC's investment strategy has evolved through three phases: initial conservative allocation, strategic adjustment post-2000, and a focus on risk management and diversification since 2012 [13][14][15]. - Over the past 20 years, GIC has achieved an annual nominal return of 5.8% and a real return of 3.9% [13]. - The current asset allocation includes a diversified mix of equities, bonds, real estate, and private equity, reflecting a shift towards emerging markets and a balanced regional investment strategy [16]. Group 4: Governance and Risk Management - GIC employs a long-term investment approach, with a focus on intergenerational equity and a 20-year investment horizon, which is less common among sovereign wealth funds [17]. - The organization has implemented a performance evaluation system based on a rolling 20-year actual return rate, aligning management incentives with long-term investment outcomes [18]. - A comprehensive risk management framework has been established to address systemic risks and enhance investment resilience [19][20].

文/《清华金融评论》 周茗一 2 0 2 5 年 以 来 ， 我 国 坚 持 将 恢 复 和 扩 大 消 费 置 于 宏 观 调 控 优 先 位 置 ， 财 政、货币、产业、就业等政策协同发力。商务部等 9 部门 9 月 1 6 日 对 外发布《关于扩大服务消费的若干政策措施》提出五方面 1 9 条举措，优 化服务消费统计方法。加快推进分地区服务零售额测算工作，客观反映分 地区服务消费发展情况。创新统计监测方法，鼓励有条件的地方利用大数 据等信息技术手段开展服务消费监测分析。 我国坚持恢复经济和扩大消费 部委层面，国家发展改革委、财政部、商务部、工业和信息化部联合发布配套细则，将家电补贴品类由 8 类扩展至 12 类，新增净水器、洗碗机、 微波炉、电饭煲等；首次将手机、平板等数码产品纳入补贴目录，单件补贴限额 500 元，并要求电商平台同步开设政府补贴专区，实现线上立减、 线下直补同质同效。 地方层面，各省（区、市）在国家标准基础上叠加安排预算，形成"中央+地方+企业"组合包。汽车报废更新 ：中央资金最高补贴 2万元/辆 （新能 源）或 1.5万元/辆 （2.0 L及以下燃油车），部分省市再叠加地方补贴、车企 ...

中国人民银行货币政策委员会2025年第三季度（总第11 0次）例会于9月 23日召开。会议研究了下阶段货币政策主要思路，建议加强货币政策调 控，提高前瞻性、针对性、有效性，根据国内外经济金融形势和金融市场 运行情况，把握好政策实施的力度和节奏，抓好各项货币政策措施执行， 充分释放政策效应。 会议认为，今年以来宏观调控力度加大，货币政策适度宽松，持续发力、适时加力，强化逆周期调节，综合运用多种货币政策工具，服务实体经济高质量 发展，为经济回升向好创造适宜的货币金融环境。贷款市场报价利率改革效能持续释放，存款利率市场化调整机制作用有效发挥，货币政策传导效率增 强，社会融资成本处于历史较低水平。外汇市场供求基本平衡，经常账户顺差稳定，外汇储备充足，人民币汇率双向浮动，在合理均衡水平上保持基本稳 定。金融市场总体运行平稳。 会议分析了国内外经济金融形势，认为当前外部环境更趋复杂严峻，世界经济增长动能减弱，贸易壁垒增多，主要经济体经济表现有所分化，通胀走势和 货币政策调整存在不确定性。我国经济运行稳中有进，社会信心持续提振，高质量发展取得新成效，但仍面临国内需求不足、物价低位运行等困难和挑 战。要落实落细适度宽松的货币 ...

Core Viewpoint - The insurance market plays a crucial role in ensuring the supply security of primary products, including essential agricultural products, basic energy, and strategic mineral resources, but faces various constraints and challenges that need to be addressed to enhance its effectiveness [3][5][10]. Group 1: Agricultural Insurance - The insurance market has developed a systematic support system for the safety of primary agricultural product supply, but there are still issues and shortcomings that need improvement [4][5]. - In 2022, the introduction of comprehensive cost insurance for major grains expanded coverage to key production factors, benefiting approximately 230 million farmers [6]. - In 2024, the agricultural insurance premium scale reached 152.1 billion yuan, providing risk protection of 5.2 trillion yuan for about 150 million farmers, demonstrating the market's role as a risk buffer [6][7]. Group 2: Basic Energy Insurance - The insurance market has established a comprehensive protection network for basic energy supply, covering coal, natural gas, and oil through product innovation and policy collaboration [8]. - Specialized insurance companies have been created to address safety in coal mining, offering products that cover health risks and accident prevention [8]. - Insurance companies are also investing in high-dividend coal enterprises to stabilize the funding chain of the coal industry, as evidenced by a 32 million HKD investment in China Shenhua [8]. Group 3: Strategic Mineral Resource Insurance - The insurance market has built a comprehensive risk management system for strategic mineral resources, incorporating safety production guarantees and overseas risk hedging [9]. - Innovative practices, such as ecological restoration insurance in Inner Mongolia, have emerged to balance resource development and ecological protection [9]. - China Export & Credit Insurance Corporation is facilitating overseas resource acquisition for enterprises, as seen in the underwriting of a South African energy project involving critical minerals [9]. Group 4: Challenges in Insurance Market - The agricultural insurance market is hindered by insufficient grassroots service networks, with nearly 5% of townships and 46% of administrative villages lacking coverage [11]. - The energy insurance market faces dual bottlenecks, including weak professional service capabilities and insufficient product innovation to meet new risk management needs [13][14]. - The strategic mineral resource insurance market suffers from a lack of specialized talent and inadequate product innovation to address unique risks [15][16]. Group 5: Policy Recommendations - It is recommended to advance five reforms to establish a multi-level agricultural insurance system, enhancing accessibility and precision in service delivery [18]. - Strengthening the policy framework and collaboration among stakeholders is essential to improve the overall effectiveness of the insurance market in supporting primary product supply security [18].

Group 1 - The article discusses the concept of "patient capital" as a strategic focus for China's financial development, emphasizing its role in improving the financial structure and supporting high-quality economic growth [3][4]. - It highlights the importance of optimizing the supply of medium- and long-term financial resources to better serve new industries and production forces characterized by high technology and quality [3][4]. - The book "Understanding Patient Capital" provides insights into how patient capital can support various financial sectors, including technology finance, green finance, inclusive finance, pension finance, and digital finance [4]. Group 2 - The book "Technology Finance: A Booster for China's Economic Leap" aims to decode the new cycle of "technology-industry-finance" and how to achieve synergies beyond simple addition [7]. - It includes a comprehensive overview of technology finance policies, trends in the technology sector, and the relationship between technological innovation and finance [7]. - The authors analyze successful international models of technology finance, focusing on how effective policy design can facilitate technological development [7]. Group 3 - "Understanding Opening Up" provides a panoramic view of China's development in foreign trade and investment over the past 40 years, detailing key policies and achievements [13]. - The book addresses the internal logic and core motivations behind China's commitment to expanding openness, especially in the context of rising global protectionism [13]. - It explores the evolution of foreign trade systems, the optimization of foreign investment policies, and China's participation in regional and global economic cooperation [13].

Core Viewpoint - The upcoming 14th National Congress will discuss the "14th Five-Year Plan" and its major projects, which will reflect the strategic intentions and medium-to-long-term goals of the country, guiding future policies and resource allocations [4][5][6]. Summary by Sections Major Project Positioning and Classification - Major projects in the Five-Year Plans are essential for reflecting national strategic intentions and medium-to-long-term goals, serving as the core direction for policy resources and funding [6][8]. - There is no unified standard for defining major projects, but they generally need to align with high-quality development and national industrial policies [6][7]. - Major projects are categorized into infrastructure, industrial, livelihood, and ecological projects, with local adaptations based on regional development plans [6][7]. Historical Review of Major Projects - Since the first Five-Year Plan in 1953, major projects have evolved from focusing on heavy industry to encompassing infrastructure, technology, and ecological initiatives [11][12]. - The "14th Five-Year Plan" emphasizes high-quality development, green low-carbon initiatives, and technological innovation, reflecting a shift in national strategic focus [12][15]. Implementation Mechanisms - The implementation of major projects is supported by a series of policies to ensure smooth execution, including streamlined approval processes and enhanced funding mechanisms [8][9][10]. - The "13th Five-Year Plan" introduced a systematic approach to major projects, emphasizing a "list-style" method for effective implementation [15]. Upcoming "15th Five-Year Plan" Major Projects - The "15th Five-Year Plan" is expected to continue the focus on livelihood, technology, infrastructure, ecological construction, and security projects, building on the previous plan's objectives [20][21]. - Local governments are actively planning major projects that align with national strategies while addressing regional needs, particularly in infrastructure and technology innovation [21][23]. Specific Project Examples - Significant projects under the "14th Five-Year Plan" include major water conservancy projects, transportation infrastructure, and initiatives in artificial intelligence and green energy [16][19][22]. - Local plans for the "15th Five-Year Plan" include substantial investments in waterway construction and technology-driven projects, with some regions planning over 500 major projects with total investments exceeding 180 billion [22][24].

文/中央财办分管日常工作的副主任、中央农办主任 韩文秀 要按照习近平总书记一以贯之的战略部署，真抓实干、埋头苦干，持续推 进实实在在的发展，以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业。 因此，需要坚持把发展经济的着力点放在实体经济上，因地制宜发展新质 生产力；深入实施扩大内需战略，加快构建新发展格局；接续推进脱贫攻 坚和乡村振兴，扎实推动共同富裕；全面推进美丽中国建设，促进人与自 然和谐共生；坚持求真务实，反对形式主义官僚主义；坚持因地制宜，防 止一哄而上；坚持跟踪问效，防止做表面文章；坚持与时俱进，防止刻舟 求剑。 习近平总书记指出，"想发展就要靠自己苦干实干，不能寄托于别人的恩赐，世界上也没有谁有这样的能力"，"要立足提高质量和效益来推动经济 持续健康发展，追求实实在在、没有水分的生产总值，追求有效益、有质量、可持续的经济发展"。我们要按照习近平总书记一以贯之的战略部 署，真抓实干、埋头苦干，持续推进实实在在的发展，以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业。 明确"实"的目标 党的十八大以来，习近平总书记站在党和国家事业发展全局高度，深刻把握世界发展大势和中 国发展实际，洞察时代潮流，对进入新时代后 ...

Core Viewpoint - The People's Bank of China (PBOC) has made a significant adjustment to the 14-day reverse repurchase operation mechanism, introducing a new model of "fixed quantity, interest rate bidding, and multiple price bidding," marking a key step in the transition to a price-oriented monetary policy framework [2][3]. Summary by Sections Adjustment of Reverse Repo Operations - The PBOC's announcement on September 19, 2025, states that the 14-day reverse repo operation will now be conducted using a fixed quantity, interest rate bidding, and multiple price bidding method to better meet the differentiated funding needs of various participating institutions [3]. - This adjustment enhances the policy signaling function of the 14-day reverse repo rate, which previously had limited practical implications as it was typically priced at the 7-day repo rate plus 15 basis points [3]. Flexibility in Liquidity Management - The new rules increase the flexibility of the 14-day reverse repo operation, allowing the PBOC to make more precise arrangements regarding the timing and scale of operations based on liquidity management needs, rather than only using it before long holidays [4]. Continuous Optimization of Monetary Policy Framework - The PBOC has been continuously optimizing its monetary policy operation framework, introducing several important reforms since 2024, including new tools like government bond trading and various types of repos, which enhance its liquidity management capabilities [5]. - Future efforts should focus on improving the price-oriented monetary policy framework, ensuring the core position of policy rates in monetary policy transmission, and enhancing the market-oriented pricing ability of short-term interest rates [5].

Core Viewpoint - The Chinese financial market is experiencing rapid growth in product scale, with significant increases in bank wealth management and public funds, indicating a deep integration of finance into everyday life and the economy [3]. Group 1: Financial Education Initiatives - The complexity of financial products has increased, necessitating higher levels of financial literacy among consumers to protect against fraudulent activities [4]. - The Chinese government has initiated several policies since 2015 to incorporate financial literacy into the national education system, aiming to enhance the financial knowledge of citizens [5]. - Financial institutions, including Everbright Securities, have actively engaged in financial education, particularly targeting youth in schools [5]. Group 2: Differentiation of Financial Education - There is a clear distinction between "financial literacy education" and "financial professional education," with the former aimed at all youth and the latter focused on training professionals [6][7]. - Financial literacy education is essential for all young people to navigate financial situations and prevent financial crimes, not just for those pursuing finance as a career [8]. Group 3: Content Quality Improvement - Current financial education efforts often lack depth and rigor, with many institutions outsourcing content creation to third parties lacking financial expertise [9]. - There is a tendency to prioritize presentation over substance, leading to superficial educational materials that fail to convey essential financial knowledge [9]. - The curriculum often lacks coverage of emerging financial topics such as digital currencies and ESG, resulting in outdated content [9]. Group 4: Recommendations for Enhancing Financial Education - It is suggested that industry associations should lead the development of standardized educational content and frameworks to ensure consistency and coherence in financial literacy education [10]. - Financial institutions should provide training for educators to enhance their expertise in delivering financial education [10]. - Collaboration between financial institutions and educational institutions should be strengthened to create practical learning experiences for students [10]. Group 5: Evaluation of Financial Education Effectiveness - A mechanism for evaluating the effectiveness of financial education initiatives should be established to ensure ongoing improvement and accountability [11]. - Positive feedback from regulatory bodies can incentivize financial institutions to engage more actively in educational activities [12]. - Standardized evaluation metrics should be developed to assess the impact of financial education on students, incorporating feedback mechanisms to gauge quality [13][14]. Group 6: Adapting to Modern Educational Needs - Financial education for youth should incorporate engaging formats, such as multimedia and interactive content, to align with their preferences [16]. - The integration of artificial intelligence in developing educational materials can enhance engagement and effectiveness in teaching financial concepts [16]. - Overall, financial literacy education is crucial for safeguarding public assets and fostering a stable financial market, promoting rational investment behaviors among the youth [16].

Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes the accelerating global carbon neutrality process and the increasing demand for critical minerals driven by the transition to clean energy technologies, highlighting the complex geopolitical competition among major countries in securing these resources [2][3]. Group 1: Importance of Critical Minerals - Critical minerals play an irreplaceable role in high-tech industries, clean energy technologies, and national defense, making supply security a key strategic consideration for countries [5]. - The global energy transition heavily relies on critical minerals, which are essential for ensuring energy security and supporting economic development [6]. Group 2: Demand and Supply Dynamics - The demand for critical minerals is surging, with lithium demand projected to grow nearly 30% in 2024, significantly exceeding the 10% annual growth rate seen in the 2010s [3]. - The demand for nickel, cobalt, graphite, and rare earth elements is expected to increase by 6% to 8% in 2024, primarily driven by applications in electric vehicles, battery storage, renewable energy, and power grids [3]. - The rapid expansion of investments in electric grids in China has been a major factor in the recent growth of copper demand [15]. Group 3: Geopolitical Strategies - Countries are increasingly focusing on critical mineral supply chain security as a core policy issue, employing legislation, policy guidance, and international cooperation to ensure stable supplies [10]. - The U.S. has implemented several legislative actions to enhance domestic supply chain resilience, including the establishment of the Critical Minerals Security Strategy [10]. - The European Union has introduced the Critical Raw Materials Act to ensure the security and sustainability of critical mineral supplies [10]. Group 4: Geographic Distribution and Market Characteristics - The geographical distribution of critical mineral reserves is highly concentrated, with significant shares located in specific regions, such as lithium in the "Lithium Triangle" of South America [13]. - The production of certain critical minerals, like cobalt, is dominated by a few countries, with the Democratic Republic of Congo accounting for 86% of cobalt production [13]. - Western multinational mining companies dominate the ownership of critical mineral resources, leveraging their technological and experiential advantages over developing countries [14]. Group 5: Price Trends - Despite the rapid increase in demand, the supply of critical minerals has also surged, leading to downward pressure on prices, particularly for battery metals [15]. - Lithium prices soared eightfold between 2021 and 2022 but have since dropped by over 80% in 2023 [15]. - Prices for graphite, cobalt, and nickel are expected to decline by 10% to 20% in 2024 [15].