文/深圳证券交易所上市审核中心经理 高振翔 IPO非公开审核缩短了发行人信息公开时间，降低了商业秘密泄露的风险 和发行上市的不确定性，成为美国等市场的通行做法。本文在梳理IPO非 公开审核制度的内涵与依据基础上，比较分析了美国IPO秘密递交制度和 我国香港地区IPO秘密申报制度的异同，探析了近期我国资本市场推出的 预先审阅制度的优化方向。 IPO非公开审核制度是指发行人以非公开方式向证券监管机构递交发行上市申请，接受证券监管机构的非公开审核，直至正式启动IPO申报或证券发行 前，才公开披露其发行上市文件的制度安排。IPO非公开审核缩短了发行人信息公开时间，降低了商业秘密泄露的风险和发行上市的不确定性，成为美国 等市场的通行做法。本文在梳理IPO非公开审核制度的内涵与依据基础上，比较分析了美国IPO秘密递交制度和我国香港地区IPO秘密申报制度的异同，探 析了近期我国资本市场推出的预先审阅制度的优化方向。 IPO非公开审核制度的内涵与依据 基本内涵 制度本质：通过保密方式改进发行人信息披露质量 一是削弱市场监督。公开透明的发行上市审核机制对于约束发行人行为、改进信息披露质量具有重要意义，但IPO非公开审核客观上延 ...

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the impact of the Trump administration's policies on the purchasing power of the U.S. resident sector, highlighting the ineffective execution of these policies and suggesting that China should focus on technological breakthroughs and the internationalization of the RMB to reduce reliance on the dollar and alleviate the "Triffin dilemma" affecting the global economy [1]. Group 1: Evolution of U.S. Resident Sector Purchasing Power - The purchasing power of the U.S. resident sector has evolved from continuous expansion during globalization to structural decline due to factors such as slowing natural growth rates, debt expansion, and reshaping global demand [3]. - The core demand of the U.S. resident sector is to enhance purchasing power, which has been a driving force behind the trade war, leading to a mismatch between high pricing in the high-consumption market and declining purchasing power [3]. Group 2: Globalization and Purchasing Power Expansion - In the early stages of globalization, the U.S. resident sector benefited from low-priced imports due to China's labor cost advantages, which allowed multinational manufacturers to lower production costs and prices [6]. - The dollar's hegemony provided benefits to the U.S. resident sector by keeping interest rates low, which facilitated debt expansion and maintained low inflation, thus supporting purchasing power [7]. Group 3: Decline of Purchasing Power in Later Stages of Globalization - Post-2008, the U.S. economy's growth rate slowed, leading to a decline in corporate profits and further stagnation in wage growth for the U.S. resident sector [9]. - China's rise and shift from an export-driven economy to one driven by investment and consumption have increased competition for profit shares, thereby reducing the purchasing power subsidy previously enjoyed by the U.S. resident sector [9]. - The diversification of global central bank reserves has reduced the rigid reliance on the dollar, leading to increased volatility in the dollar's value and diminishing the purchasing power of U.S. residents when exchanging currencies [9]. Group 4: Debt Issues and Purchasing Power - The article emphasizes the importance of the non-Ponzi condition in discussing debt, noting that debt growth must not exceed the natural return rate of the economy [10]. - Post-2008, the lack of technological advancement and persistent low-interest rates have raised concerns about the sustainability of U.S. debt, leading to cuts in welfare programs that directly impact resident purchasing power [10].

Core Viewpoint - The evolution of currency forms is driven by technological advancements and economic development, with a historical competition between official and private currencies. The issuance of central bank digital currency (CBDC) is seen as a necessary upgrade to maintain currency stability and financial system security in the context of digital economy growth [3][4][6]. Group 1: Historical Context and Evolution of Currency - Historical changes in currency forms have transitioned from barter to shells, metal currency, and the world's first paper currency, the Jiaozi, during the Northern Song Dynasty. This was followed by banknotes based on commercial bank credit, eventually replaced by central bank-issued legal tender [4]. - The competition between official and private currencies has always existed, with the absence of central bank currency issuance increasing the fragility of the financial system. Multiple currency issuers can lead to differences in asset quality and currency value, raising transaction costs and reducing stability [4][6]. Group 2: Role of Central Banks - Central banks act as the lender of last resort, providing liquidity to banks in need and ensuring the safety of collateral assets through strict regulation and deposit insurance mechanisms. This supports a stable and secure monetary environment [5]. - The establishment of a legal currency system is a natural selection due to the superiority of national credit over private credit, ensuring currency stability, liquidity, and a fair, secure, efficient, and inclusive payment system [6]. Group 3: Digital Currency Development - The blurring lines between commercial bank currency and central bank currency necessitate the issuance of legal digital currency, or digital renminbi, to ensure the single currency nature of the RMB and maintain financial and monetary system security [6][7]. - The digital renminbi has undergone three phases: theoretical research, closed pilot testing, and open pilot testing, and is being gradually applied in various sectors such as retail, dining, education, and public services [7]. Group 4: Macro and Micro Considerations - On a macro level, the digital renminbi is directly liabilities of the central bank, requiring consideration of enhancing its currency derivation capacity as the economy develops. On a micro level, commercial banks are responsible for wallet management and payment services, necessitating alignment of responsibilities and rights [8]. - Upgrading the measurement framework of the digital renminbi is essential to ensure that the currency supply aligns with economic growth and price expectations, while also enhancing the engagement of commercial banks and users [8].

Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes the importance of financial education in enhancing public financial literacy and protecting consumer rights, particularly in the context of China's financial development and the need for improved risk awareness among the general population [2][3][4]. Group 1: Financial Education Initiatives - The Financial Education Promotion Week, held from September 15 to 21, aims to enhance public understanding of financial rights and risks, contributing to a healthier financial ecosystem [2]. - The article highlights the need for increased efforts in financial knowledge dissemination to improve the public's financial literacy, which currently lags behind the development of the financial industry [3]. Group 2: Consumer Rights Protection - There have been positive developments in protecting financial consumer rights, including the establishment of dedicated departments within regulatory bodies and the implementation of various consumer protection mechanisms [4]. - Future efforts should focus on enhancing financial consumer education and risk awareness, utilizing digital technologies and innovative outreach methods to ensure comprehensive financial knowledge delivery [4]. Group 3: Targeting Vulnerable Groups - The "new citizens" have emerged as a key focus in the inclusive finance sector, with education being crucial for their self-development and empowerment [7]. - It is essential to accelerate financial education for new citizens during urbanization, ensuring they benefit from the digital economy and public cultural resources [7]. Group 4: Collaborative Efforts in Financial Education - Various stakeholders, including financial institutions and educational organizations, are actively participating in financial education initiatives, expanding from traditional to digital formats [8]. - Schools are integrating basic financial knowledge into their curricula, reflecting a broader commitment to enhancing financial literacy among students [8].

Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes the growing importance of stablecoins in the digital finance landscape, highlighting their advantages over traditional cryptocurrencies due to their price stability and regulatory compliance, which makes them increasingly integrated into the mainstream financial system [3][4][5]. Summary by Sections Current Status and Characteristics of Stablecoins - Stablecoins are digital assets based on blockchain technology that maintain price stability through a "anchoring mechanism" to fiat currencies. They have evolved from being used primarily in cryptocurrency exchanges to being integral in decentralized finance (DeFi) activities such as lending and staking, as well as in cross-border payments and trade settlements due to their fast settlement speeds and low transaction costs [5][6]. Development History of Stablecoins - The development of stablecoins has transitioned from exploration to regulation. The launch of USDT in 2014 marked the introduction of fiat-collateralized stablecoins, which quickly gained traction. The introduction of DAI in 2017 pioneered decentralized stablecoins. The demand for stablecoins surged during the DeFi boom in 2020, but the collapse of algorithmic stablecoin UST in 2022 raised regulatory concerns. Recent regulations, such as the U.S. GENIUS Act and Hong Kong's Stablecoin Regulation, have laid a foundation for compliant development [6][7]. Market Characteristics - The stablecoin market is characterized by concentration, with the total market cap exceeding $280 billion as of August 2025, where USDT holds about 60% market share. The majority of stablecoin transactions occur on major public blockchains like Ethereum, Tron, and Solana, with Ethereum alone accounting for over $137 billion in stablecoin market cap [7]. Technical Principles of Stablecoins - The stability and security of stablecoins rely on blockchain and smart contract technologies. They can be categorized into three types based on their anchoring mechanisms: fiat-collateralized, crypto-collateralized, and algorithmic stablecoins. Each type has distinct technical implementations, with fiat-collateralized stablecoins like USDT and USDC relying on off-chain reserves, while crypto-collateralized stablecoins like DAI use over-collateralization and automated liquidation mechanisms [10][11]. Trust Logic of Stablecoins - The core competitive advantage of stablecoins lies in trust, which is built on reliable anchoring and reserve mechanisms, verifiable technology, and regulatory frameworks. The trust in fiat-collateralized stablecoins is derived from the transparency and liquidity of their reserves, while crypto-collateralized stablecoins depend on over-collateralization and automated liquidation for stability. Algorithmic stablecoins face structural challenges due to their reliance on supply-demand algorithms without actual asset backing [15][16]. Challenges and Future Outlook - Stablecoins face challenges in regulatory technology, price stability, and governance. The lack of a global regulatory framework for stablecoins and blockchain transactions complicates compliance. Additionally, past incidents of reserve opacity have led to market instability. However, the future of stablecoins looks promising, with potential growth in cross-border payments and tokenization of real-world assets, supported by evolving regulatory environments and technological innovations [17][18][19].

Core Viewpoint - China's monetary policy is shifting towards using reserve requirement ratio (RRR) cuts instead of aggressive interest rate cuts to protect bank interest margins and maintain indirect financing channels, while also allowing for gradual interest rate reductions and innovative structural tools to stabilize finance and promote transformation [1][2]. Group 1: Monetary Policy Adjustments - Since 2016, China has adjusted the RRR 23 times, all downward, reducing the RRR for major deposit-taking financial institutions from 17.5% to 9.0%, a total decrease of 8.5 percentage points [3]. - In contrast, the policy interest rates have only been adjusted 14 times since 2016, indicating a preference for RRR cuts over significant interest rate reductions [3][4]. - The current average RRR for Chinese financial institutions is approximately 6.2%, suggesting substantial room for further RRR cuts compared to major economies where RRR tools are less utilized [5]. Group 2: Impact on Banking Sector - The net interest margin for commercial banks in China has decreased to 1.42%, the lowest on record, which raises concerns about the sustainability of the banking sector if interest rates are cut too aggressively [3][4]. - The banking sector is crucial for supporting the real economy, as it accounts for 89.7% of financing in China, compared to only 42% in the U.S., where direct financing plays a larger role [4]. Group 3: Fiscal and Monetary Policy Coordination - RRR cuts will increase the funds available for commercial banks, enabling them to better support proactive fiscal policies, as approximately 68% of national debt and 75% of local government debt is held by commercial banks [6]. - The effectiveness of monetary policy is contingent on the cooperation of commercial banks and the financial system, especially given the low excess reserve ratio in China [6]. Group 4: Interest Rate Dynamics - There is limited elasticity of consumption and investment to interest rate changes in China, which diminishes the effectiveness of interest rate cuts in stimulating economic activity [8]. - The decline in interest rates has led to a reduction in household deposits, with a decrease of 1.11 trillion yuan in July, indicating a relationship between lower interest rates and reduced savings [8]. - Despite the current low inflation and a slight appreciation of the yuan against the dollar, there remains room for further interest rate cuts, especially as external conditions improve with potential U.S. rate cuts [8][9]. Group 5: Structural Monetary Policy Tools - China has been innovating structural monetary policy tools, which have become increasingly important in supporting weak economic sectors and key areas such as technology innovation and green development [9]. - As of the end of 2024, structural monetary policy tools are expected to account for approximately 14.2% of total bank assets in China, highlighting their growing significance [9].

Core Viewpoint - The Federal Reserve is expected to lower interest rates by 25 basis points, with market reactions closely tied to Chairman Powell's subsequent statements, which could influence stock, bond, and gold markets positively if dovish remarks are made [1][2][4]. Group 1: Immediate Market Reactions - The market has already priced in the expectation of a 25 basis point rate cut, leading to three possible outcomes: no change, a 25 basis point cut, or a more aggressive cut of 50 basis points [3]. - If the Fed maintains rates, it could lead to market confusion due to a breakdown in communication, which has historically been a strength of the Fed [3]. - A 25 basis point cut with neutral comments from Powell may not provide upward momentum for markets, as the positive impact has already been absorbed [3][6]. Group 2: Longer-Term Market Outlook - Over a longer timeframe, if the Fed cuts rates by 25 basis points and the language is unremarkable, bond performance may be lackluster, while equities could gradually improve due to increased liquidity and lower corporate costs [6]. - The future performance of the U.S. economy will be critical; if the rate cut leads to economic stabilization, the Fed's future cuts may be limited. Conversely, if the economy continues to decline, more aggressive cuts may be necessary [7]. - Inflation trends, particularly influenced by tariffs, will also affect the Fed's rate decisions and market reactions [7]. Group 3: Gold Price Trends - Gold prices are expected to be in an upward cycle due to four main factors: the weakening dollar, declining U.S. real interest rates, reduced market risk appetite, and increased central bank purchases of gold [9][10][11]. - A weaker dollar typically leads to higher gold prices, as gold is dollar-denominated [10]. - If the Fed continues to lower rates while inflation remains stable, real interest rates will decline, further supporting gold prices [10]. - Geopolitical tensions and market risk aversion will increase demand for gold, pushing prices higher [10]. - Central banks, including China's, are actively increasing gold reserves, contributing to the upward pressure on gold prices [11].

Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes the need for dialogue and cooperation among all parties to improve global financial governance, guided by Xi Jinping's thoughts on socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era [1][2]. Group 1: Global Governance Initiative - The global governance initiative proposed by Xi Jinping includes five core concepts: sovereign equality, adherence to international law, practice of multilateralism, human-centered approach, and action-oriented focus [2]. - The initiative aims to address the increasing global governance deficit and offers a Chinese solution to the question of who governs, how to govern, and for whom to govern [2]. Group 2: International Monetary System Reform - The international monetary system has evolved historically, with the dominance of currencies reflecting changes in global power dynamics [4]. - The reliance on a single sovereign currency poses inherent instability, as national interests may conflict with global public goods provision [5]. - Discussions on reforming the international monetary system are increasingly driven by geopolitical factors, focusing on reducing dependence on a single currency and promoting a competitive environment among multiple strong currencies [6]. - The potential for a super-sovereign currency, such as the IMF's Special Drawing Rights (SDR), is discussed, although practical challenges remain in achieving political consensus and expanding its use [7]. Group 3: Cross-Border Payment System Improvement - The cross-border payment system is crucial for international trade and financial stability, but faces challenges such as inefficiency and high costs [9]. - There is a trend towards diversification in the cross-border payment system, with more countries using local currencies and new payment systems emerging [10]. - The interoperability of payment systems is improving, and new technologies like blockchain are reshaping traditional payment methods [10]. Group 4: Global Financial Stability System - Post-2008 financial crisis, the global financial safety net has been strengthened, with various regional and bilateral mechanisms established [12]. - Regulatory frameworks have been enhanced to prevent crises, but challenges remain, including fragmented regulations and insufficient oversight of non-bank intermediaries [14]. - A robust international monetary fund is essential for maintaining a diverse and effective global financial safety net [14]. Group 5: Governance of International Financial Organizations - The governance of international financial organizations like the IMF and World Bank needs reform to better reflect the economic realities of emerging markets and developing countries [16][17]. - There is a call for adjustments in voting rights and representation within these organizations to enhance their legitimacy and efficiency [17]. - Strengthening the supervisory role of international financial organizations is crucial for maintaining global economic stability and promoting multilateralism [17].

Core Viewpoint - The forum "New Applications of Financial Technology and Innovative Development of Central Bank Digital Currency" aims to foster discussions and consensus on the development of financial technology and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) [1][5]. Group 1: Forum Overview - The forum was held in Shanghai, organized by Tsinghua University's Wudaokou School of Finance, focusing on the intersection of financial technology and CBDCs [1][2]. - Keynote speeches were delivered by prominent figures, including former Vice Chairman of the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission Chen Wenhui, and Tsinghua University’s Zhang Jianhua, who presented a research report [5][7]. Group 2: Key Presentations - Chen Wenhui discussed the digital transformation of financial institutions and the implications of the AI era for the financial industry, providing important insights for future financial technology development [7]. - Zhang Jianhua released a report on the integration of digital RMB in enhancing industrial digitalization, addressing current challenges and proposing solutions for industry chain collaboration [9]. - Mu Changchun elaborated on the theoretical and practical aspects of digital RMB, emphasizing its dual-layer operational framework and its role in maintaining monetary integrity and financial security [11]. Group 3: Roundtable Discussions - The roundtable featured discussions on the role of CBDCs in serving the real economy, with contributions from various experts, including Tsinghua University’s Ju Jiandong and representatives from major financial institutions [14][16]. - Ju Jiandong highlighted the opportunities and challenges for digital RMB in the context of current economic trade dynamics, discussing the competitive and cooperative relationships among global digital currencies [16]. - Discussions also covered the application of digital RMB in supply chain finance and cross-border payments, with insights from industry leaders on necessary conditions for further implementation [22][20].

Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes the importance of combating illegal financial activities, particularly in the loan and insurance sectors, to protect financial rights and promote a healthy financial ecosystem [3][6][10]. Group 1: Case Studies - Case 1 involves a loan fraud scheme where the accused, Ning, and accomplices defrauded banks by creating fake loan applications and inflated property prices, resulting in a total fraud amount of over 7.38 million yuan [4][5]. - The court sentenced Ning to 16 years in prison and imposed fines totaling 800,000 yuan for loan and credit card fraud, highlighting the severe penalties for such financial crimes [5]. - The case illustrates the organized nature of financial fraud, where illegal loan intermediaries play a crucial role in orchestrating these schemes, necessitating a comprehensive crackdown on such activities [6][10]. Group 2: Legal Actions and Implications - The second case involves extortion under the guise of "insurance policy cancellation," where the accused, Lin and Ma, induced policyholders to withdraw funds by fabricating claims of insurance company violations, leading to losses of 2.1762 million yuan for the insurance companies [8][9]. - The court found Lin and Ma guilty of extortion, sentencing Lin to 11 years and Ma to 10 years in prison, emphasizing the legal consequences of exploiting financial systems for personal gain [9]. - This case underscores the need for strict enforcement against fraudulent practices disguised as legitimate financial services, as they disrupt market order and mislead consumers [10].