智能驾驶
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华为乾崑智驾 ADS 4.1 升级点公布,支持 eAES 防夹心、驾驶员失能靠边停等
Xin Lang Cai Jing· 2026-01-19 01:26
Core Viewpoint - Huawei announced the upgrades of its QianKun Intelligent Driving ADS 4.1 during the media day on January 16, focusing on safety, experience, and fun enhancements [1][6]. Safety Upgrades - Support for eAES anti-clamping to prevent rear-end collision risks - Enhanced eAES performance for all-target safety protection - Defensive driving assistance for sharp turns and intersections - Automatic emergency call when the driver is incapacitated - Timely alerts for hands-off driving, ensuring safe stopping - Assistance for drivers during tire blowouts to prevent vehicle deviation [3][11]. Experience Upgrades - Improved environmental prediction for safer passage - Enhanced driving smoothness through significant capability improvements - Intelligent interaction for efficient lane changes - Vehicle intent broadcasting for better human-vehicle collaboration - Support for three-point turns, allowing elegant maneuvers in narrow roads - New group travel feature for enjoyable companionship during trips [7][13]. Fun Upgrades - Upcoming releases include ADS 5, Harmony Cabin 6, and the next-generation digital chassis engine XMC, with details to be revealed before the April Beijing Auto Show - LCoS dual-focus AR-HUD will debut on the new Wanjie M9 - New sensor hardware will first be featured in Wanjie M9 and ZunJie S800 [6][12].
中泰期货晨会纪要-20260119
Zhong Tai Qi Huo· 2026-01-19 01:24
1. Report Industry Investment Rating There is no information about the industry investment rating in the report. 2. Core Views of the Report - **Macro - financial**: For stock index futures, short - term operations should focus on volume and price, considering profit - taking; for treasury bond futures, adopt an oscillatory approach [14][15]. - **Black commodities**: Steel products may oscillate in the short term, and iron ore is relatively weak and should be shorted on rallies; coking coal and coke prices may oscillate and rise in the short term, but the upside is limited; for ferroalloys, manganese ore is strong in the short term, and silicon iron can be long - bought on dips in the medium - to - long term; for soda ash and glass, observe soda ash, and hold long positions in glass or take profits on rallies [16][18][19][20][21]. - **Non - ferrous metals and new materials**: For zinc, observe and keep existing short positions; for lead, observe; lithium carbonate may oscillate weakly; industrial silicon may continue to oscillate, and polysilicon may oscillate weakly [22][24][26][27]. - **Agricultural products**: Cotton may enter a short - term consolidation stage; sugar may oscillate and consolidate; for eggs, adopt an oscillatory approach for 02 - 03 contracts; apples may be strong; corn may oscillate within a range; jujubes may oscillate; for live pigs, short near - month contracts on rallies [31][33][36][39][40][41][42]. - **Energy and chemicals**: Crude oil may weaken; fuel oil prices will follow oil prices; plastics may oscillate; rubber may oscillate, and short - buy on dips; synthetic rubber may weaken in the short term; methanol may have a short - term correction, and long - buy far - month contracts on dips; caustic soda should be shorted; asphalt may oscillate within a range; the polyester industry chain may be under pressure, and short - sell in the short term and conduct positive spreads in the medium term; LPG may have short - term rebound momentum but limited long - term upside; pulp may oscillate; logs may oscillate; urea futures may be strong due to expectations [45][47][48][50][51][52][53][54][56][57][59]. 3. Summary by Relevant Catalogs 3.1 Macro Information - The State Council held a meeting to promote consumption and address issues such as arrears to enterprises and migrant workers' wages [7]. - The CSRC emphasized market stability and strengthened supervision [7]. - The central bank and the financial regulatory authority adjusted the minimum down - payment ratio for commercial housing loans [7]. - China and Canada reached a consensus on economic and trade cooperation, and Canada will give China an EV quota [8]. - The CSRC solicited opinions on the derivatives trading supervision regulations [8]. - The Ministry of Housing and Urban - Rural Development proposed large - scale urban renewal investment [8]. - China developed a high - energy hydrogen ion implanter [9]. - Two rocket launches failed [9]. - Xidian University made achievements in radar antennas and chip heat dissipation [9][10]. - The US is about to withdraw from the WHO but owes dues [10]. - The US may impose high tariffs on South Korean memory chip manufacturers [10]. - The first shipment of Simandou iron ore arrived in China [10]. - Nvidia revised data on copper demand in data centers [11]. - Trump's statement affected the Fed chair speculation [12]. - The US sent a message to Iran [12]. - Barclays analysts predicted US corporate bond issuance [12]. - The SHFE adjusted trading limits for silver and nickel futures [12]. 3.2 Macro - financial 3.2.1 Stock Index Futures - On Friday, the A - share market opened high and closed low. Short - term operations should focus on volume and price, considering profit - taking. If there is no further increase in volume and an inverted hammer line, the index may enter an adjustment phase [14]. 3.2.2 Treasury Bond Futures - The money market is balanced and loose, and bond yields are steep. Adopt an oscillatory approach, with the main focus on the money market, risk appetite, and the pace of allocation funds [15]. 3.3 Black Commodities 3.3.1 Steel and Iron Ore - Macro - policies are slightly positive for the steel industry. Steel is in a de - stocking state, with acceptable orders in the short term. Real - estate and infrastructure demand is weak, while coil demand is good. Steel may oscillate, and iron ore is relatively weak [16][18]. 3.3.2 Coking Coal and Coke - Coking coal prices have rebounded due to supply disruptions. Coke has started the first price increase. In the short term, there is a chance for a price rebound, but the upside is limited due to the pressure on steel industry profits [19]. 3.3.3 Ferroalloys - Manganese ore is strong in the short term, but it is difficult to transfer profits downstream. Silicon iron has no significant fundamental changes, and it can be long - bought on dips in the medium - to - long term [20]. 3.3.4 Soda Ash and Glass - Soda ash supply is at a high level, and new capacity may be put into production. Observe soda ash. Glass may improve its supply - demand situation if production cuts are implemented. Hold long positions in glass or take profits on rallies [21]. 3.4 Non - ferrous Metals and New Materials 3.4.1 Zinc - Domestic zinc inventories increased slightly. The price of zinc futures fell at night. It is recommended to observe and keep existing short positions [22][23]. 3.4.2 Lead - Lead inventories increased to a one - and - a - half - month high. The price of lead futures fell at night. It is recommended to observe [24][25]. 3.4.3 Lithium Carbonate - After a short - term increase driven by export expectations, the price of lithium carbonate may oscillate weakly due to weak vehicle demand and macro - sentiment adjustment [26]. 3.4.4 Industrial Silicon and Polysilicon - Industrial silicon may continue to oscillate, with pressure on the upside. Polysilicon may oscillate weakly, waiting for the improvement plan on January 20 [27][29]. 3.5 Agricultural Products 3.5.1 Cotton - Cotton supply is currently loose, but there are expectations of supply reduction in the long term. Zhengzhou cotton may enter a short - term consolidation stage [31][32]. 3.5.2 Sugar - The global sugar market has a surplus. Domestic sugar is in a season of both supply and demand growth. Zhengzhou sugar may oscillate and consolidate [33][34]. 3.5.3 Eggs - As the Spring Festival approaches, the demand for eggs may peak and then weaken. Adopt an oscillatory approach for 02 - 03 contracts [36][37][38]. 3.5.4 Apples - Apple prices may be strong. The market is in a game between supply support and demand constraints. Observe the consumption during the Spring Festival stocking period [39]. 3.5.5 Corn - Corn prices may oscillate within a range. The key is the change in farmers' selling sentiment. Observe the port collection and the potential selling pressure in March [40]. 3.5.6 Jujubes - Jujube prices may oscillate. Observe the market performance during the consumption peak season [41][42]. 3.5.7 Live Pigs - The supply of live pigs is slow, and the price may be strong in the short term but with limited upside. Short near - month contracts on rallies [42][43]. 3.6 Energy and Chemicals 3.6.1 Crude Oil - Geopolitical conflicts in the Middle East support oil prices, but the supply surplus is still severe. Oil prices may weaken if the geopolitical situation eases [45]. 3.6.2 Fuel Oil - Fuel oil prices will follow oil prices, with the focus on the geopolitical situation in Iran. The supply - demand situation has slightly improved [47]. 3.6.3 Plastics - Polyolefins have high supply pressure and weak demand, but upstream losses may support a small rebound. Adopt an oscillatory approach [48][49]. 3.6.4 Rubber - Rubber may oscillate, with cost support. Look for short - buying opportunities on dips [50]. 3.6.5 Synthetic Rubber - Synthetic rubber may weaken in the short term. Take profits on short positions on dips [51]. 3.6.6 Methanol - Methanol's supply - demand situation has slightly improved, but there is a risk of inventory accumulation at the end of the month. Long - buy far - month contracts on dips [52]. 3.6.7 Caustic Soda - Caustic soda production is at a high level, and the inventory is high. Adopt a short - selling approach [53]. 3.6.8 Asphalt - Asphalt prices may oscillate within a range, and the winter - storage period has temporarily stabilized [54][55]. 3.6.9 Polyester Industry Chain - The polyester industry chain is under pressure due to weakening demand expectations. Short - sell in the short term and conduct positive spreads in the medium term [56]. 3.6.10 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) - LPG prices may have short - term rebound momentum due to cost and demand support, but the long - term upside is limited. Lightly short - sell [57]. 3.6.11 Pulp - Pulp prices may oscillate due to weakening downstream demand and new warehouse receipts. Observe the international situation and macro factors [57][58]. 3.6.12 Logs - Log prices may oscillate, with the market in a weak supply - demand balance [59]. 3.6.13 Urea - Urea futures are supported by expectations, but the spot market is weakening. Observe the improvement of spot market liquidity [59].
合资车企在华将迎来电动化“背水一战”
Zhong Guo Qi Che Bao Wang· 2026-01-19 00:35
Group 1 - The core viewpoint of the article highlights the significant challenges faced by multinational automotive companies in the Chinese electric vehicle (EV) market, with a notable decline in sales and market share [3][4]. - In 2025, Volkswagen's sales in China dropped to 2.69 million units, a decrease of 8% year-on-year, with only 116,900 units being electric vehicles [3]. - BMW's sales in China fell by 12.5% to 625,500 units, while Mercedes-Benz experienced a 19% decline, selling only 575,000 units [3]. - Chinese domestic brands have captured nearly 70% of the passenger car market share, with a retail penetration rate of 53.9% for new energy vehicles [4]. Group 2 - The year 2026 is viewed as a critical turning point for multinational car manufacturers, with intensified product strategies aimed at regaining market share in China [5][6]. - Volkswagen plans to launch over 20 new energy models in 2026, marking it as a year for accelerated delivery of new energy products [6]. - BMW aims to introduce around 20 new products across all powertrain types, leveraging a new generation platform [6]. - Audi and other manufacturers are focusing on localizing R&D and product offerings to better meet Chinese consumer demands [6]. Group 3 - Multinational companies still hold significant advantages in brand recognition, craftsmanship, and global service systems, particularly in the high-end electric vehicle market [8]. - The transition from traditional fuel vehicle users to electric vehicle buyers is a key challenge for these companies, necessitating effective strategies to convert brand loyalty into electric vehicle sales [9]. - Companies are encouraged to innovate in battery technology and smart driving features to differentiate themselves in the competitive landscape [9].
首批新能源主题基金四季报出炉 基金经理延伸布局且高仓位运作
Zheng Quan Shi Bao· 2026-01-18 18:13
Group 1 - The core investment theme of public funds is shifting from traditional lithium batteries to advanced technologies such as smart driving, artificial intelligence (AI), and controllable nuclear fusion, indicating strong confidence in the structural market for the new energy sector in 2026 [1][6] - Recent performance data shows that leading new energy theme funds have focused on high-growth sectors like energy storage, lithium batteries, solid-state batteries, and new energy vehicles, with significant returns reported [2][3] - The first batch of new energy theme funds that disclosed their Q4 2025 reports achieved impressive performance, with returns significantly surpassing mainstream market indices [2][3] Group 2 - New energy theme funds are diversifying their portfolios by extending investments into emerging areas such as AI computing power and controllable nuclear fusion while maintaining high allocations in established sectors like power batteries and solar energy [3][6] - Fund managers are optimistic about the structural opportunities arising from the new energy industry, particularly in power equipment exports and energy storage, with some funds reporting excess returns exceeding 22% [4][6] - The investment strategies of fund managers reflect a focus on long-term fundamental trends, including the growth of large-scale energy storage, leading lithium battery companies, and the increasing demand for electric vehicles [6][7]
周观点 | 2025Q4前瞻:以旧换新政策延续 板块表现分化【国联民生汽车 崔琰团队】
汽车琰究· 2026-01-18 15:41
Market Performance - The automotive sector outperformed the market this week, with the A-share automotive sector rising by 0.5%, ranking 12th among Shenwan sub-industries, compared to the CSI 300 which fell by 0.9% [3] - Within the sub-sectors, automotive services and automotive parts increased by 4.5% and 1.8% respectively, while commercial passenger vehicles, commercial freight vehicles, motorcycles, and passenger cars saw declines of -1.1%, -1.3%, -1.7%, and -1.9% respectively [3] Investment Recommendations - The core investment recommendations for this month include Geely Automobile, Xpeng Motors, BYD, Berteli, Top Group, New Spring Co., and Chunjun Power [4] 2025Q4 Outlook - Total wholesale sales of passenger vehicles are expected to be 8.748 million units in 2025Q4, a year-on-year decrease of 1.3% but a quarter-on-quarter increase of 13.8% [5] - In the new energy sector, wholesale sales of new energy passenger vehicles are projected to reach 4.46 million units, a year-on-year increase of 3.1% and a quarter-on-quarter increase of 10.9% [5] - Price competition is expected to ease, with discounts stabilizing and profitability improving [5] - Companies expected to perform well year-on-year in 2025Q4 include Seres, Xiaomi Motors, NIO, Leap Motor, and Geely [5] Components Sector - Revenue in the components sector is expected to be driven by strong performances from Xiaomi, Geely, and BYD, while costs are anticipated to decrease due to lower raw material prices and shipping costs [36] - The average global shipping cost in 2025Q4 is projected to be $3,484, a year-on-year decrease of 2.6% [38] - The performance of the components sector is expected to diverge significantly based on customer structure, with companies like Top Group and Hu Guang expected to perform well [41] Heavy Trucks - The heavy truck sector is expected to see continued recovery in demand, with wholesale sales projected at 231,000 units in 2025Q4, a year-on-year increase of 34.7% [42] - The market competition is expected to remain stable, with companies like FAW Group and Beiqi Foton gaining market share [43] Motorcycles - The wholesale sales of large-displacement motorcycles (over 250cc) are expected to be 191,000 units in 2025Q4, a year-on-year increase of 4.3% but a quarter-on-quarter decrease of 26.3% [60] - Domestic sales are projected to be 69,000 units, a year-on-year decrease of 5.2% [60] - Export sales are expected to reach 122,000 units, a year-on-year increase of 10.5% [60] Policy Impact - The continuation of the vehicle replacement policy is expected to stimulate demand, with subsidies for scrapping old vehicles remaining in place [33][64] - The new subsidy policy for 2026 will shift to a percentage of the vehicle price, which is expected to improve the structure of subsidized models [65][70]
智驾领域催化多,岚图与引望达成深化战略合作
CMS· 2026-01-18 13:01
Investment Rating - The report maintains a "Recommendation" rating for the automotive industry, indicating a positive outlook for the sector [5]. Core Insights - The automotive industry experienced an overall increase of 0.7% from January 11 to January 17, with significant developments in the smart driving sector, including strategic partnerships and advancements in autonomous vehicle technology [1][9]. - The report highlights that China's automotive production is projected to reach 34.53 million units and sales to hit 34.4 million units in 2025, marking a historical high and maintaining its position as the world's largest automotive market [26]. - The report emphasizes the growing importance of electric vehicles, with projections indicating that over 50% of new car sales will be electric or hybrid by 2025 [26]. Market Performance Overview - The automotive sector's performance was mixed, with the automotive services segment showing the highest weekly increase of 3.4%, while motorcycle and passenger vehicle segments experienced declines of 2.0% and 1.7%, respectively [2][13]. - Individual stocks within the automotive sector saw significant fluctuations, with notable gainers including Aikelan (+40.5%) and Jiaoyun Shares (+39.3%), while Tianpu Shares (-25.3%) and Yueling Shares (-15.4%) faced substantial losses [3][17]. Industry Dynamics - Key partnerships in the smart driving field were established, such as the collaboration between Lantu and Huawei's subsidiary, focusing on the development of intelligent driving and cockpit technologies [9][28]. - The report notes that Uber is set to launch a customized autonomous taxi service in San Francisco, marking its entry into the autonomous ride-hailing market [29]. - The report also mentions that Xpeng plans to establish a localized supply chain team in Europe and ASEAN markets to enhance operational efficiency and support local production [29]. Future Projections - The report forecasts a slight increase in domestic automotive sales to 34.75 million units in 2026, reflecting a 1% growth from the previous year [26]. - The report indicates that the Chinese automotive industry is expected to maintain its competitive edge globally, with a significant portion of sales driven by the domestic market [25][26].
交通运输行业周报:2025年快递业务量同比增长13.7%,上海发布智驾利好政策-20260118
SINOLINK SECURITIES· 2026-01-18 07:29
Investment Rating - The report recommends "Buy" for the logistics sector, specifically highlighting companies such as SF Express and ZTO Express due to their valuation and operational resilience [2][3]. Core Views - The express delivery industry is expected to see a business volume growth of 13.7% year-on-year in 2025, with major companies benefiting from price increases amid reduced competition [2]. - The logistics sector is experiencing a recovery in demand, supported by favorable policies for intelligent driving in Shanghai, which is expected to enhance operational efficiency [3]. - The aviation sector is projected to benefit from improved supply-demand dynamics, with airlines like China Southern Airlines and Air China recommended for investment due to their profit potential [4]. - The shipping industry shows signs of stabilization, with container shipping rates experiencing slight increases, although overall rates remain lower compared to previous years [5]. Summary by Sections Transportation Sector Overview - The transportation index fell by 1.2% during the week of January 10-16, 2026, underperforming the Shanghai Composite Index by 0.6% [12]. Express Delivery - In 2025, the express delivery business volume is projected to reach 1.5 trillion yuan, with a year-on-year growth of 6.5% in revenue [2]. - The total volume of postal express collected was approximately 4.107 billion pieces, with a week-on-week increase of 7.1% [2]. Logistics - The chemical product price index (CCPI) was reported at 4024 points, with a year-on-year decrease of 7.7% [3]. - The opening rates for key chemicals such as paraxylene and methanol showed slight increases, indicating a stable production environment [3]. Aviation - The average daily flights in China decreased by 5.66% year-on-year, with domestic flights down by 6.18% [4]. - The Brent crude oil price was reported at $64.13 per barrel, reflecting a year-on-year decrease of 19.76% [4]. Shipping - The China Containerized Freight Index (CCFI) was at 1209.85 points, showing a week-on-week increase of 1.3% but a year-on-year decrease of 22.5% [5]. - The Baltic Dry Index (BDI) was reported at 1586.4 points, with a year-on-year increase of 51.2% [5]. Road and Rail - National highway freight traffic saw a week-on-week increase of 17.3%, although year-on-year figures showed a decline of 2.02% [5]. - The total railway freight volume for November 2025 was 4.6 billion tons, reflecting a year-on-year increase of 1.16% [78].
全球仅2家!广东1.85万亿产业托底,杀出美股+港股双上市智驾巨头
2 1 Shi Ji Jing Ji Bao Dao· 2026-01-18 00:57
智能驾驶早就不是未来概念 而是刻进日常的出行标配 在广州黄埔、南沙 无论是晚高峰的车流 人流 还是城中村的复杂道路 在广州 它都能像老司机一般从容穿梭 在全球智驾赛道强势突围 自动驾驶车也可以成为 机场到市中心的通勤标配 这里 诞生了引领世界的 智驾双雄 刚刚结束的十五运会 让这里的智驾技术 在世界面前集中亮相 广东正以 "双雄引领 全域协同" 的姿态 双雄崛起 从几个共享工位起步 小马智行在南沙开启了它的第一步 从2016年入驻南沙 2020年拿下一线城市测试许可 2025年11月6日 香港交易所迎来历史性一刻 小马智行与文远知行同日敲钟 成为全球仅有的两家 实现美股+港股双重上市的自动驾驶企业 九年间 小马智行成为中国首个 在北京、上海、广州、深圳四大一线城市 均提供自动驾驶出行服务的企业 截至2025年底 小马智行自动驾驶出租车车队规模超千台 与此同时 文远知行在全球11个国家 超40个城市 开展自动驾驶研发、测试及运营 其中,运营天数超2300天 这两家从广州科创土壤中 成长起来的企业 正在成为全球智驾赛道上的中国名片 更是"新广货"走向世界的亮丽代表 解码湾区 双雄崛起的背后是 广东1.85万亿元汽 ...
全球仅2家!广东1.85万亿产业托底,杀出美股+港股双上市智驾巨头
21世纪经济报道· 2026-01-18 00:51
在广州 智能驾驶早就不是未来概念 而是刻进 日常 的出行标配 在广州黄埔、南沙 无论是晚高峰的车流 人流 还是城中村的 复杂道路 它都能像老司机一般 从容穿梭 自动驾驶车也可以成为 机场到市中心的 通勤标配 这里 诞生了引领世界的 智驾双雄 刚刚结束的十五运会 让这里的 智驾技术 在世界面前集中亮相 广东正以 "双雄引领 全域协同" 的姿态 在全球智驾赛道强势突围 双雄崛起 从几个共享工位起步 小马智行在南沙开启了它的第一步 在北京、上海、广州、深圳四大一线城市 均提供自动驾驶出行服务的企业 截至2025年底 小马智行自动驾驶出租车车队规模 超千台 与此同时 文远知行在全球 11 个国家 超 40 个城市 开展自动驾驶研发、测试及运营 其中,运营天数超2300天 是全球唯一旗下产品同时拥有 从2016年入驻南沙 2020年拿下一线城市测试许可 2025年11月6日 香港交易所迎来历史性一刻 小马智行与文远知行同日敲钟 成为全球仅有的两家 实现 美股+港股 双重上市的自动驾驶企业 九年间 小马智行成为中国首个 8个国家自动驾驶牌照的科技公司 这两家从广州科创土壤中 成长起来的企业 正在成为全球智驾赛道上的中国名 ...
回眸2025年,看见中国汽车业的向上力量
Bei Jing Ri Bao Ke Hu Duan· 2026-01-18 00:25
Core Insights - In 2025, China's automotive industry achieved record production and sales figures, with 34.53 million vehicles produced and 34.40 million sold, marking year-on-year growth of 10.4% and 9.4% respectively, showcasing resilience and vitality in the sector [1] - The year marked a significant shift in the market, with new energy vehicles (NEVs) surpassing 50% of domestic new car sales, indicating their transition from niche products to mainstream market leaders [2][3] - The automotive export volume exceeded 7 million units, with NEV exports reaching 2.615 million units, reflecting a robust growth trajectory and the establishment of overseas markets as new growth drivers [2][11] New Energy Vehicles (NEVs) as Market Leaders - NEVs accounted for 50.8% of domestic new car sales in 2025, with production and sales reaching 16.626 million and 16.49 million units respectively, representing year-on-year growth of 29% and 28.2% [3] - The competitive landscape has shifted, with domestic brands capturing nearly 70% of the passenger car market share, marking a significant reversal against joint venture brands [3][4] Technological and Policy Support - The growth of NEVs is attributed to supportive policies, technological advancements, and a well-structured supply chain, with over 11.5 million vehicles replaced under the trade-in policy, contributing to a sales boost of over 1.6 trillion yuan [5] - Innovations in technology have led to improved vehicle performance, with average electric vehicle ranges reaching around 500 kilometers and significant reductions in battery costs and charging times [6] Smart Driving Developments - The approval of the first L3-level conditional autonomous driving vehicles in December 2025 marks a pivotal moment in China's autonomous driving sector, transitioning from technology validation to mass production [7][9] - The penetration rate of vehicles equipped with L2-level driving assistance features reached 64% in the first three quarters of 2025, driven by decreasing costs and increased availability in lower-priced models [9] Global Expansion and Localization - China's automotive exports reached 7.098 million units in 2025, with a year-on-year increase of 21.1%, highlighting the importance of overseas markets for growth [11] - Localization efforts are intensifying, with over 20 Chinese automotive brands establishing manufacturing facilities in Thailand and Brazil, enhancing local production capabilities and supply chain integration [12] Market Competition Restructuring - The introduction of compliance guidelines aims to curb price wars and establish a more orderly competitive environment, shifting focus from price competition to quality and service [13][15] - The automotive industry is transitioning from a phase of scale expansion to one of quality enhancement, necessitating a comprehensive approach to governance and market regulation [15][16]