春季行情
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兴证策略:前期调整释放一定风险 持股过节兼具胜率与赔率
Xin Lang Cai Jing· 2026-02-08 10:18
由此来看,近期海外一系列不确定性因素对风险资产的冲击更多是在叙事与情绪层面,而并非基本面或 政策路径出现实质性变化,尤其是支撑春季行情的国内核心逻辑——向好的基本面、政策"开门红" 与 充裕的流动性均未发生任何改变,这也是我们看好春季行情尚未结束的核心原因。 往后看,随着前期调整释放一定风险,近期全球叙事变化对市场情绪冲击最大的时刻或正在逐步过去。 一方面,从资产表现来看,周五(2月6日)比特币、美股、中概股、贵金属等一系列风险资产企稳反 弹,表明全球风险偏好已在逐步修复;另一方面,从我们跟踪的一系列情绪指标来看,当前A股与港股 已调整出一定的性价比,尤其是我们构建的港股情绪指数已经回落至去年12月19日底部的水平,并跌穿 滚动一年均值-1.5倍标准差,显示港股已到值得重点关注的区间。 从事件催化和日历效应的角度来看,后续也将逐步进入一个有利于权益资产演绎的良好环境。事件催化 角度,下周即将进入中美宏观数据的披露窗口,国内物价、社融等数据对于基本面改善的验证值得期 待,美国非农和CPI数据也有望对货币政策预期形成校准。此外,国内外AI应用等产业层面的密集催化 也有望在春节前后集中演绎。经历近期轮动加快、主线降 ...
众赢财富通:2月券商金股透视春季行情
Cai Fu Zai Xian· 2026-02-08 03:54
从时间节点看,2月往往处于春节前后,是全年中市场情绪相对活跃的阶段之一。历史经验显示,在政 策预期、资金回流以及风险偏好回升等多重因素作用下,春季行情往往具备一定延续性。众赢财富通研 究发现,当前市场在经历前期震荡整理后,整体估值压力有所缓解,而成交活跃度与主题投资热度正在 回升,这为结构性机会的展开提供了基础。 在行业分布方面,电子板块依旧是券商配置的"压舱石"。随着算力需求持续扩张、国产替代进程加快以 及产业链景气度改善,相关细分领域的中长期逻辑并未发生变化。海光信息等公司因其在核心技术和产 业链地位上的优势,获得多家券商同时推荐,反映出机构对科技自主可控与高端制造方向的持续看好。 众赢财富通观察发现,电子板块内部的分化正在加剧,资金更倾向于流向业绩确定性相对较高、具备产 业趋势支撑的细分龙头。 机械设备板块在2月金股中同样占据重要位置。该板块一方面受益于制造业升级与设备更新需求,另一 方面也与算力基础设施、能源开发等投资方向密切相关。部分券商指出,机械设备企业订单可见度较 高、盈利修复节奏相对明确,在市场风格切换阶段具备较好的配置价值。众赢财富通认为,在当前宏观 环境下,兼具成长属性与一定周期弹性的装备 ...
次新基金上演“建仓加速度”
Zheng Quan Ri Bao· 2026-02-07 01:27
Group 1 - The core viewpoint of the articles highlights a significant trend in the fund market, where a large number of newly established funds are rapidly increasing their stock positions to seize market opportunities during the spring season [1][3] - As of February 6, 2023, out of 282 newly established funds, 81 have announced early closure of fundraising, indicating a shift in strategy to quickly deploy capital [1][3] - Active equity funds have shown notable net value fluctuations shortly after their establishment, with some funds achieving returns of 1.46% and 1.15% within a few weeks [1] Group 2 - Passive products, particularly ETFs, are also building positions rapidly, with some ETFs reaching stock asset ratios of 97.21% and 95.80% just before their listing [2] - The resurgence of "proportional allotment" in fund subscriptions reflects a strong demand for new funds, as seen with the Penghua Fund's rapid scale limit being reached [2][3] - Analysts suggest that the current favorable policies and abundant liquidity in the A-share market are encouraging quick positioning by fund managers, allowing them to capture low-risk opportunities [3] Group 3 - The phenomenon of early fundraising closures provides new funds with more market opportunities, allowing fund managers to quickly access capital and make timely investments [3] - The influx of incremental funds from both residents and institutions supports the issuance of new funds, enhancing the overall market liquidity [3] - Industry experts recommend that investors focus on the research capabilities of fund managers and product suitability rather than merely chasing fast-building and high-heat products [4]
四维共振驱动春季行情 多元策略适配不同风险偏好
Zhong Guo Zheng Quan Bao· 2026-02-06 20:24
Core Viewpoint - The current A-share market is characterized by a blend of upward continuation and short-term volatility, necessitating investment strategies that align with risk preferences and market dynamics [1][2]. Market Conditions - Analysts believe that the market is poised for an upward trend driven by four key factors: ample liquidity, policy catalysts, calendar effects, and the interplay of valuation and earnings [3][4]. - The upcoming Spring Festival is seen as a critical period for investment decisions, with historical data indicating a strong performance of the market during this time [2][4]. Investment Strategies - Analysts recommend focusing on two main lines: technology growth and resource products, while also diversifying into cyclical consumption, price increases, and defensive assets [6][7]. - For medium-risk investors, a balanced approach involving profit-taking and a "barbell strategy" is suggested, combining dividend and technology assets [2][3]. Sector Insights - The technology sector is expected to be a core focus for long-term investments, particularly in AI and related fields, with a shift from hardware to application-based investments anticipated in 2026 [6][7]. - The cyclical and resource sectors are highlighted for their potential price increases and recovery opportunities, with specific attention to industrial metals and energy products [7][8]. Defensive Assets - High-dividend assets are recommended as a core component of defensive strategies, with sectors such as utilities, banks, and consumer staples being favored for their stability and yield [8]. - Analysts emphasize the importance of maintaining a diversified portfolio that balances offensive and defensive assets to mitigate risks associated with market fluctuations and external uncertainties [8].
20cm速递|科创200ETF国泰(589220)盘中涨超0.5%,制造业与科技产业景气获关注
Mei Ri Jing Ji Xin Wen· 2026-02-06 08:27
Core Viewpoint - The manufacturing and technology sectors are experiencing increased attention due to rising profitability forecasts in AI hardware and price increase chains, with a notable impact on the industry chain [1] Group 1: Industry Insights - The average year-on-year growth rate of net profit forecasts for AI hardware (semiconductors, components, communication network equipment, etc.) and price increase chains (industrial metals, energy metals, agrochemicals, etc.) for Q4 2025 is expected to improve compared to Q3 2025 [1] - Recent price increases have been observed in electronic components and minor metals, indicating a spillover effect from the upstream price hikes [1] - Concerns have emerged regarding potential declines in profit growth for certain midstream manufacturing products in Q4 2025, with expectations of continued challenges into Q1 2026 [1] Group 2: Investment Opportunities - The current market environment suggests that investors may consider sectors with good growth logic that have not yet fully realized their potential gains during the recent spring market rally, such as electronics (components/semiconductors) and communications [1] - The Guotai Science and Technology 200 ETF (589220) tracks the Science and Technology 200 Index (000699), which includes 200 stocks selected from the Sci-Tech Innovation Board, reflecting the overall performance of the market [1] - The index samples cover multiple high-tech and strategic emerging industries, including information technology, biomedicine, and new energy, showcasing strong innovation and growth characteristics [1]
股市缩量调整,债市震荡?强
Zhong Xin Qi Huo· 2026-02-06 01:32
Report Industry Investment Rating - The outlook for stock index futures is "shockingly strong" [6] - The outlook for stock index options is "shock" [6] - The outlook for treasury bond futures is "shock" [7] Core Viewpoints - Stock index futures: The stock market closed down on low volume, and the consumer sector showed seasonal strength. Before the Spring Festival, it is advisable to buy IM long positions at low prices to wait for an opportunity to attack [1][6] - Stock index options: Implied volatility showed a divergent trend, indicating a range - bound trading sentiment. It is recommended to hold a covered strategy to increase returns [2][6] - Treasury bond futures: Treasury bond futures rose across the board. In the short term, arbitrage trading is the main strategy, and attention should be paid to the opportunity for the spread between 30 - year and 10 - year treasury bonds to converge [3][7] Summary by Directory 1. Market Views Stock index futures - The Shanghai Composite Index closed down on Thursday with further significant volume contraction. Before the Spring Festival, low - level consumer stocks such as film, beauty care, tourism, and food retail strengthened, while sectors like computing power hardware and space photovoltaics declined. AMD's earnings decline in the US stock market affected the A - share computing power chain. Historically, value dividends are dominant before the Spring Festival, and small - cap growth stocks have a high winning rate after the long holiday. It is advisable to hold IM long positions or ChiNext and STAR Market ETFs [6] Stock index options - On Thursday, the underlying assets fluctuated and adjusted, with the large - cap style stronger than the small - cap style. The total trading volume of financial options was 1.039 billion yuan, a 5.2% increase from Wednesday. The implied volatility of different options showed a divergent trend, and sentiment indicators suggested a range - bound trading sentiment. It is recommended to hold a covered strategy [6] Treasury bond futures - Treasury bond futures rose across the board. The long - term treasury bond yield declined, and the short - term yield remained flat, making the yield curve flatter. The central bank provided continuous liquidity support, and the market sentiment was optimistic. The bond market may maintain a range - bound pattern before the "Two Sessions". It is recommended to focus on arbitrage opportunities [7] 2. Derivatives Market Monitoring - The content only lists the sub - items of stock index futures data, stock index option data, and treasury bond futures data, without specific data content, so no further summary is made [9][13][25]
收盘丨A股市场全天缩量调整 大消费板块逆势爆发
Di Yi Cai Jing· 2026-02-05 07:24
| 代码 | 名称 | 涨幅号 | 现价 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 000056 | 皇庭国际 | +10.11% | 2.07 | | 600828 | 茂业商业 | +10.04% | 7.78 | | 601116 | 三江购物 | +10.02% | 20.20 | | 600814 | 杭州解百 | +9.99% | 9.80 | | eooea3 | 东自集团 | +7.98% | 17.18 | | 605188 | 国光连锁 | +7.40% | 21.77 | | 200862 | 白大集团 | +6.38% | 15.50 | | 600838 | 上海九百 | +5.35% | 12.81 | | 600778 | 友好集团 | +5.28% | 8.38 | | 601933 | 永辉超市 | +4.63% | 4.75 | | 002187 | 广直股份 | +4.21% | 8.17 | | 603708 | 家家悦 | +3.60% | 13.53 | | 000759 | 中自集团 | +3.46% | 7.48 | | 600185 | 珠免 ...
申万期货品种策略日报——股指-20260205
Shen Yin Wan Guo Qi Huo· 2026-02-05 02:27
1. Report Industry Investment Rating - No relevant information provided. 2. Core Viewpoints of the Report - Since 2026, the continuous improvement of the stock market is the result of the joint action of factors such as the resonance of the technology cycle, the release of policy dividends, the improvement of economic recovery, and the return of overseas funds. In February, the overall situation is still expected to continue the phased positive pattern. February is in the window period of the "Spring Market", coupled with the release of policy dividends at the beginning of the "15th Five - Year Plan", the profit expectations of the main lines such as AI and overseas expansion are clear. At the same time, the seasonal recovery of the consumer side and the implementation of investment projects will further enhance market confidence. However, with the approaching of the Spring Festival holiday, there may be large fluctuations in overseas capital markets during the holiday, especially geopolitical risks, and potential disturbances need to be vigilant [2]. 3. Summary According to Relevant Catalogs 3.1 Stock Index Futures Market - **IF Contracts**: The previous two - day closing prices of IF contracts (current month, next month, next quarter, and far - quarter) were 4657.60, 4653.00, 4625.00, and 4576.20 respectively, and the previous day's closing prices were 4698.80, 4693.60, 4665.00, and 4611.00 respectively. The price increases were 45.00, 42.40, 37.60, and 32.00 respectively, and the corresponding price increase rates of the CSI 300 were 0.97, 0.91, 0.81, and 0.70 respectively. The trading volumes were 20774.00, 65238.00, 17565.00, and 7368.00 respectively, and the positions were 31278.00, 159248.00, 75130.00, and 27954.00 respectively. The changes in positions were - 4353.00, - 11006.00, - 1529.00, and - 546.00 respectively [1]. - **IH Contracts**: The previous two - day closing prices of IH contracts (current month, next month, next quarter, and far - quarter) were 3032.80, 3033.00, 3025.20, and 2999.80 respectively, and the previous day's closing prices were 3071.60, 3071.80, 3065.80, and 3036.80 respectively. The price increases were 41.60, 42.20, 42.00, and 38.00 respectively, and the corresponding price increase rates of the SSE 50 were 1.37, 1.39, 1.39, and 1.27 respectively. The trading volumes were 9444.00, 33658.00, 6464.00, and 3162.00 respectively, and the positions were 13571.00, 59111.00, 23822.00, and 10060.00 respectively. The changes in positions were - 2214.00, - 3666.00, - 1910.00, and - 151.00 respectively [1]. - **IC Contracts**: The previous two - day closing prices of IC contracts (current month, next month, next quarter, and far - quarter) were 8295.80, 8282.00, 8189.60, and 8095.00 respectively, and the previous day's closing prices were 8321.00, 8313.60, 8216.00, and 8105.00 respectively. The price increases were 36.40, 40.40, 33.00, and 22.00 respectively, and the corresponding price increase rates of the CSI 500 were 0.44, 0.49, 0.40, and 0.27 respectively. The trading volumes were 29003.00, 100543.00, 37249.00, and 14601.00 respectively, and the positions were 36698.00, 145579.00, 95513.00, and 40043.00 respectively. The changes in positions were - 4487.00, - 5519.00, 1217.00, and - 542.00 respectively [1]. - **IM Contracts**: The previous two - day closing prices of IM contracts (current month, next month, next quarter, and far - quarter) were 8213.00, 8183.00, 8031.00, and 7885.80 respectively, and the previous day's closing prices were 8230.00, 8203.40, 8045.20, and 7888.60 respectively. The price increases were 19.20, 12.60, 10.60, and 8.20 respectively, and the corresponding price increase rates of the CSI 1000 were 0.23, 0.15, 0.13, and 0.10 respectively. The trading volumes were 38126.00, 136596.00, 37630.00, and 16012.00 respectively, and the positions were 54982.00, 186743.00, 108653.00, and 53144.00 respectively. The changes in positions were - 3669.00, - 2801.00, 2692.00, and 1782.00 respectively [1]. - **Inter - month Spreads**: The current values of the inter - month spreads of IF, IH, IC, and IM contracts were - 5.20, 0.20, - 7.40, and - 26.60 respectively, and the previous values were - 4.60, 0.20, - 13.80, and - 30.00 respectively [1]. 3.2 Stock Index Spot Market - **CSI 300 Index**: The previous value of the index was 4698.68, the trading volume was 264.88 billion lots, and the total trading amount was 6360.19 billion yuan. The previous two - day value was 4660.11, the trading volume was 265.55 billion lots, and the total trading amount was 6666.27 billion yuan. The price increase rate was 0.83 [1]. - **SSE 50 Index**: The previous value of the index was 3069.24, the trading volume was 61.04 billion lots, and the total trading amount was 1698.82 billion yuan. The previous two - day value was 3034.58, the trading volume was 64.83 billion lots, and the total trading amount was 1927.80 billion yuan. The price increase rate was 1.14 [1]. - **CSI 500 Index**: The previous value of the index was 8299.06, the trading volume was 268.86 billion lots, and the total trading amount was 5018.87 billion yuan. The previous two - day value was 8286.70, the trading volume was 272.23 billion lots, and the total trading amount was 5432.64 billion yuan. The price increase rate was 0.15 [1]. - **CSI 1000 Index**: The previous value of the index was 8207.12, the trading volume was 316.46 billion lots, and the total trading amount was 5162.15 billion yuan. The previous two - day value was 8209.10, the trading volume was 299.22 billion lots, and the total trading amount was 5257.60 billion yuan. The price increase rate was - 0.02 [1]. - **Industry Indexes**: Different industries had different price increase rates. For example, the energy industry had a price increase rate of 4.80%, the raw materials industry had a rate of 0.66%, the industrial industry had a rate of 2.79%, and the optional consumer industry had a rate of 1.64%. The main consumer industry had a rate of 2.73%, the pharmaceutical and healthcare industry had a rate of 1.19%, the real estate and finance industry had a rate of 1.46%, and the information technology industry had a rate of - 1.89%. The telecommunications business industry had a rate of - 3.29%, and the public utilities industry had a rate of 1.38 [1]. 3.3 Futures - Spot Basis - **IF Contracts and CSI 300**: The previous values of the basis of IF contracts (current month, next month, next quarter, and far - quarter) relative to the CSI 300 were 0.12, - 5.08, - 33.68, and - 87.68 respectively, and the previous two - day values were - 2.51, - 7.11, - 35.11, and - 83.91 respectively [1]. - **IH Contracts and SSE 50**: The previous values of the basis of IH contracts (current month, next month, next quarter, and far - quarter) relative to the SSE 50 were 2.36, 2.56, - 3.44, and - 32.44 respectively, and the previous two - day values were - 1.78, - 1.58, - 9.38, and - 34.78 respectively [1]. - **IC Contracts and CSI 500**: The previous values of the basis of IC contracts (current month, next month, next quarter, and far - quarter) relative to the CSI 500 were 21.94, 14.54, - 83.06, and - 194.06 respectively, and the previous two - day values were 9.10, - 4.70, - 97.10, and - 191.70 respectively [1]. - **IM Contracts and CSI 1000**: The previous values of the basis of IM contracts (current month, next month, next quarter, and far - quarter) relative to the CSI 1000 were 22.88, - 3.72, - 161.92, and - 318.52 respectively, and the previous two - day values were 3.90, - 26.10, - 178.10, and - 323.30 respectively [1]. 3.4 Other Domestic and Overseas Indexes - **Domestic Indexes**: The previous values of the Shanghai Composite Index, Shenzhen Component Index, Small and Medium - sized Board Index, and ChiNext Index were 4102.20, 14156.27, 8526.31, and 3311.51 respectively, and the previous two - day values were 4067.74, 14127.11, 8524.43, and 3324.89 respectively. The price increase rates were 0.85%, 0.21%, 0.02%, and - 0.40% respectively [1]. - **Overseas Indexes**: The previous values of the Hang Seng Index, Nikkei 225, S&P 500, and DAX Index were 26847.32, 54293.36, 6882.72, and 24603.04 respectively, and the previous two - day values were 26834.77, 54720.66, 6917.81, and 24780.79 respectively. The price increase rates were 0.05%, - 0.78%, - 0.51%, and - 0.72% respectively [1]. 3.5 Macro Information - President Xi Jinping had a phone call with US President Trump, emphasizing the importance of the Taiwan issue and asking the US to handle the issue of arms sales to Taiwan carefully. He also had a video meeting with Russian President Putin, stating that China and Russia should promote the international community to adhere to fairness and justice and maintain global strategic stability [2]. - The central bank deployed key work in the credit market in 2026, requiring continuous improvement of high - quality financial services for major strategies, key areas, and weak links, and strengthening financial support in the consumption field, focusing on supporting key areas such as expanding domestic demand, scientific and technological innovation, and small and medium - sized enterprises [2]. - The EU Commission launched an in - depth investigation into Chinese wind power enterprises under the "Foreign Subsidies Regulation". The Ministry of Commerce responded that the investigation was discriminatory, and China would take necessary measures to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese enterprises [2]. 3.6 Industry Information - The Minister of Housing and Urban - Rural Development, Ni Hong, said that efforts should be made to meet the basic housing needs of young people, develop affordable rental housing, public rental housing, and affordable housing for sale, and increase the area of affordable housing according to the needs of multi - child families [2]. - According to data from the China Index Academy, in January, 20 cities had a total of 118,000 second - hand housing transactions, a slight month - on - month decrease of 3.1% and a year - on - year increase of 15.3%. However, the market still had prominent structural contradictions and obvious differentiation between new and second - hand housing [2]. - During the "15th Five - Year Plan" period, China will strongly support the innovation and development of the bio - manufacturing industry, and promote the transformation of the pharmaceutical industry from "follow - up innovation" to "systematic innovation". In 2026, attention will be paid to frontier technology fields such as new drug targets and mechanisms, AI - driven drug R & D, and cell and gene therapy, and efforts will be made to accelerate the launch of new and good drugs [2]. - The Ministry of Culture and Tourism and the National Fire and Rescue Bureau issued a notice to clarify the fire safety standards for new - type performance venues and optimize the performance approval process to promote the healthy and orderly development of new - type performance venues [2].
港股开盘:恒指跌0.82%、科指跌1.31%,科网股走势分化,芯片股、黄金股走低,智能驾驶概念股普涨
Jin Rong Jie· 2026-02-05 01:33
Market Overview - The Hong Kong stock market opened lower on February 5, with the Hang Seng Index down 219.37 points, a decline of 0.82%, closing at 26,627.95 points [1] - The Hang Seng Tech Index fell by 70.55 points, down 1.31%, to 5,295.89 points [1] - The China Enterprises Index decreased by 69.92 points, a drop of 0.77%, to 8,978.46 points [1] - The Red Chip Index declined by 8.89 points, down 0.2%, to 4,363.4 points [1] - The previous day saw mixed performance among the three major indices, with the Hang Seng Index closing in the green while the Hang Seng Tech Index experienced a drop of over 2% at one point [1] Company Performance - Xinda Biologics (01801.HK) reported a projected total product revenue of approximately RMB 11.9 billion for 2025, reflecting a year-on-year growth of about 45% [2] - Lee & Man Paper Manufacturing (02314.HK) anticipates a profit of approximately HKD 1.88 billion to HKD 2.00 billion for 2025, representing a year-on-year increase of 38% to 47% [2] - ZTO Express (02057.HK) expects total revenue for 2025 to be between RMB 48.5 billion and RMB 50 billion, with a year-on-year growth of about 9.5% to 12.9% due to increased parcel volume [2] - China Resources Cement (01313.HK) forecasts a year-on-year profit increase of approximately 115% to 135% for 2025, driven by cost reductions and decreased impairment losses [2] - Gemdale Corporation (00535.HK) reported a total contract sales amount of approximately RMB 239 million in January, a year-on-year decrease of 61.82% [3] - Fosun International (00656.HK) plans to subscribe to additional registered capital of Shangan Technology for RMB 105 million, acquiring a 51.0879% stake post-capital increase [3] - Shanghai Pharmaceuticals (02607.HK) intends to transfer its 30% stake in Amgen for a minimum listing price of approximately RMB 1.023 billion [3] Corporate Actions - Caocao Travel (02643.HK) completed a placement of 12 million shares at HKD 32.46 per share, raising approximately HKD 383 million [4] - Kingsoft (03888.HK) repurchased 1.0886 million shares for HKD 29.99 million, with repurchase prices ranging from HKD 27.18 to HKD 28 [5] - Xiaomi Group (01810.HK) spent HKD 146 million to repurchase 4.3 million shares at prices between HKD 33.94 and HKD 34.02 [6] - Kingdee International (00268.HK) repurchased 1 million shares for HKD 11.0597 million, with prices between HKD 11.05 and HKD 11.1 [7] Industry Insights - Guosen Securities remains optimistic about the spring market, suggesting a focus on performance-based investments despite potential negative impacts from the rebound of the US dollar index and rising US Treasury yields [8] - CICC noted advancements in global large model technology capabilities, particularly in reasoning and programming, while highlighting ongoing limitations in general capabilities [9] - Xinda Securities pointed out the continuous improvement of regulations in the domestic intelligent connected vehicle sector, with an expected market size of RMB 270 billion for Robo-taxis by 2030 and a projected increase in the logistics vehicle industry value to RMB 594.8 billion by 2030 [9]
反弹:申万期货早间评论-20260205
申银万国期货研究· 2026-02-05 00:45
Group 1 - The core viewpoint of the article emphasizes the importance of maintaining good communication between China and the United States, as highlighted by President Xi Jinping's willingness to work together with President Trump to navigate challenges in their relationship [1] - The article discusses the fluctuations in precious metals, particularly gold and silver, influenced by the nomination of Kevin Warsh as the next Federal Reserve Chairman, which has led to a decrease in interest rate expectations and increased volatility in the market [2][19] - The article notes that crude oil prices rose by 3.32% due to concerns over potential military conflict stemming from disagreements in U.S.-Iran negotiations, which could disrupt oil supply [3][13] Group 2 - The stock market is experiencing a phase of recovery, driven by factors such as technological cycles, policy benefits, and economic recovery, with expectations for continued positive momentum in February [4][11] - The article highlights the performance of various commodities, including a slight increase in gasoline inventories and a decrease in crude oil stocks, indicating a mixed supply situation in the energy sector [3][12] - The article mentions the cautious outlook for various commodities, including metals and agricultural products, with specific attention to the dynamics of supply and demand affecting prices [19][20][21][27]