Report Title - Baocheng Futures Variety Arbitrage Data Daily Report (May 20, 2025) [1] Core Content 1. Thermal Coal - **Base Price Data**: From May 13 - May 19, 2025, the base price of thermal coal was -182.4, -184.4, -187.4, -187.4, -189.4 respectively, with 5 - 1 month, 9 - 1 month, and 9 - 5 month spreads all at 0.0 [2] 2. Energy and Chemicals Energy Commodities - **Base Price and Ratio**: From May 13 - May 19, 2025, the base price of INE crude oil, fuel oil, and the ratio of crude oil to asphalt showed different changes. For example, the base price of INE crude oil on May 19 was -14.51, and the ratio of crude oil to asphalt was 0.1386 [6] Chemical Commodities - **Base Price, Spread, and Cross - Variety Data**: For various chemical products such as natural rubber, methanol, PTA, etc., from May 13 - May 19, 2025, the base price, cross - period spreads (e.g., 5 - 1 month, 9 - 1 month, 9 - 5 month), and cross - variety spreads (e.g., LLDPE - PVC, LLDPE - PP) all had different values. For example, the base price of natural rubber on May 19 was -5 [7] 3. Black Metals - **Base Price, Spread, and Cross - Variety Data**: For products like rebar, iron ore, coke, and coking coal, from May 13 - May 19, 2025, the base price, cross - period spreads (e.g., 5 - 1 month, 9 - 1 month, 9 - 5 month for iron ore, coke, coking coal; 5 - 1 month, 10 - 1 month, 10 - 5 month for rebar), and cross - variety ratios (e.g., rebar/iron ore, rebar/coke) all had different values. For example, the base price of rebar on May 19 was 111.0 [12] 4. Non - ferrous Metals Domestic Market - **Base Price Data**: For copper, aluminum, zinc, lead, nickel, and tin, from May 13 - May 19, 2025, the domestic base prices had different values. For example, the base price of copper on May 19 was 310 [21] London Market - **LME Premium, Shanghai - London Ratio, CIF, Domestic Spot, and Import Profit/Loss**: For copper, aluminum, zinc, lead, nickel, and tin, on May 19, 2025, the LME premium, Shanghai - London ratio, CIF price, domestic spot price, and import profit/loss had different values. For example, the LME premium of copper was 15.52, and the import profit was 72.09 [27] 5. Agricultural Products - **Base Price, Spread, and Cross - Variety Data**: For products like soybeans, soybean meal, soybean oil, etc., from May 13 - May 19, 2025, the base price, cross - period spreads (e.g., 5 - 1 month, 9 - 1 month, 9 - 5 month), and cross - variety ratios (e.g., soybean/corn, soybean oil/soybean meal) all had different values. For example, the base price of soybeans on May 19 was -222 [35] 6. Stock Index Futures - **Base Price and Cross - Period Data**: For CSI 300, SSE 50, CSI 500, and CSI 1000, from May 13 - May 19, 2025, the base prices had different values, and the cross - period spreads (e.g., next month - current month, current quarter - current month) also had different values. For example, the base price of CSI 300 on May 19 was 33.95 [43]

Group 1: Report Industry Investment Ratings - There is no explicit overall industry investment rating provided in the report. However, investment suggestions are given for different sectors, including "long - position reduction", "short - selling opportunities", "interval trading", etc. [1] Group 2: Core Views of the Report - The market shows complex trends due to various factors such as economic data, policy changes, and supply - demand relationships across different commodity sectors. The overall market sentiment is affected by factors like the US consumer confidence index, inflation expectations, and geopolitical events. [1] Group 3: Summaries by Related Catalogs Macro - Financial - For stock index futures, it is recommended to consider reducing long positions and be vigilant about further adjustment risks [1]. - The bond futures are supported by asset shortage and weak economy in the long - term, but the short - term rise is suppressed by the central bank's interest - rate risk reminder [1]. - Gold prices may enter a consolidation phase in the short - term, while the long - term upward logic remains unchanged. Silver prices may be more resilient than gold in the short - term due to potential tariff impacts [1]. Non - Ferrous Metals - Copper prices are expected to be weak in the short - term due to lower downstream demand and other factors [1]. - Aluminum prices will remain strong in the short - term supported by low inventory and alumina price rebounds. Alumina prices continue to rise due to supply disruptions [1]. - Zinc fundamentals are weak, and it is recommended to look for short - selling opportunities [1]. - Nickel prices will oscillate in the short - term and face long - term oversupply pressure. Short - term interval trading is suggested [1]. - Stainless steel futures will oscillate in the short - term with long - term supply pressure. Interval trading is recommended [1]. - Tin prices have strong fundamental support before the复产 of Wa State [1]. Chemicals - Silicon presents a situation of strong supply, weak demand, and low - valuation, with no improvement in demand and high inventory pressure [1]. - Lithium carbonate has no further supply contraction, increasing inventory, and downstream rigid - demand purchasing [1]. - For methanol, the short - term spot market will trade in a range, and the long - term market may turn from strong to weak and oscillate [1]. - PVC has weak fundamentals but is boosted by macro - factors, and its price will oscillate [1]. - LPG prices are expected to decline in the short - term due to tariff easing and demand off - season [1]. Black Metals - Rebar is in a window of switching from peak to off - season, with cost loosening and a supply - demand surplus, lacking upward momentum [1]. - Iron ore prices will oscillate, and manganese ore prices are expected to decline due to oversupply [1]. - Coke and coking coal are in a relatively oversupplied situation, and it is recommended to take advantage of price rebounds for hedging [1]. Agricultural Products - Brazilian sugar production in the 2025/26 season is expected to reach a record high, but it may be affected by crude oil prices [1]. - Grains are expected to oscillate, and a strategy of buying on dips is recommended considering the tight annual supply - demand situation [1]. - Soybean prices are expected to oscillate due to lack of speculation and market pressure [1]. - Cotton prices are expected to oscillate weakly as the domestic cotton - spinning industry enters the off - season [1]. - Pulp prices will oscillate due to lack of upward momentum after the tariff - related boost [1]. - Livestock prices will oscillate as the pig inventory recovers and the market is in a state of abundant supply expectation [1]. Energy - Crude oil and fuel oil prices are affected by the progress of the Iran nuclear deal and the end of the Sino - US trade negotiation drive [1]. - Asphalt prices will oscillate as cost drags, inventory returns to normal, and demand slowly recovers [1]. - Natural rubber prices are affected by rainfall, cost support, and the end of the trade negotiation drive [1].

Group 1: Report Information - Report Title: "TS Contract: Can It Still Be Used for Cash-and-Carry Arbitrage? - Interest Rate Weekly (Week 3 of May)" [1] - Report Date: May 19, 2025 [2] - Chief Analyst: Yan Ziqi, with a practice certificate number of S0010522030002 [2] - Research Assistant: Hong Ziyan, with a practice certificate number of S0010123060036 [2] Group 2: Industry Investment Rating - No industry investment rating is provided in the report. Group 3: Core Views - Since the implementation of reciprocal tariffs on April 3, the bond market's maturity yields have first decreased and then increased. Among treasury bond futures, the TL contract has been strong, while the TS/TF/T main contracts have declined [2]. - The weak performance of the TS contract is due to the previous large premium and the change in the expectation of loose monetary policy. The market's expectation of loose monetary policy changed significantly in Q1, and there are differences in the short - term expectation of loose monetary policy after the double - cut in May. The yield curve has flattened instead of steepening as expected [3]. - As of May 16, the basis of the TS main contract is - 0.07 yuan, and the IRR is 1.79%. The basis has significantly converged, and the IRR is close to the capital interest rate, so the cost - effectiveness of cash - and - carry arbitrage is insufficient [4]. - In the short term, the TS contract may still be in a premium state because of the continuous negative carry. The inversion between R001 and the 2 - year treasury bond maturity yield has decreased from about 60bp at the beginning of the year to 15bp on May 16, and the negative carry phenomenon of some varieties will continue [4]. - Considering that the tight capital situation in Q1 will not repeat, the short - term interest rate has a ceiling and the probability of a sharp decline is low. With the significant convergence of the basis, one can consider participating in the possible rise of the TS contract [4]. Group 4: Analyst and Research Assistant Introduction - Analyst Yan Ziqi is the assistant director of the Research Institute of Hua'an Securities and the chief analyst of fixed income. He has 8 years of experience in sell - side fixed income and equity research, and has won the second place in the 2024 Wind Gold Analyst and the best analyst in the 2023 Choice fixed income industry [12]. - Research Assistant Hong Ziyan is a master of financial engineering from the University of Southern California, covering macro - interest rates, institutional behavior, and treasury bond futures research [12].

Group 1: Report Information - Report Name: Log Futures Daily Report [1] - Date: May 19, 2025 [1] Group 2: Investment Rating - No investment rating information provided Group 3: Core View - After May, log demand will enter the traditional off - season, with expected reduced shipments in the coming weeks. New Zealand's shipments will seasonally decrease, and the current FOB price continues to decline. The fundamental weak - balance pattern persists. With a significant expected reduction in arrivals this week, the market is expected to fluctuate weakly [3][4] Group 4: Futures and Spot Prices - Futures prices of log contracts 2507, 2509, and 2511 decreased on May 16 compared to May 15, with declines of - 0.63%, - 0.44%, and - 0.50% respectively. The 7 - 9, 7 - 11 spreads decreased, while the 9 - 11 spread increased. The basis of 07, 09, and 11 contracts increased [2] - Spot prices of most radiation pine at ports remained unchanged on May 16, except for the price of spruce 11.8 at Rizhao Port, which increased by 4.72%. The FOB price of radiation pine 4 - meter medium A decreased by - 3.51%, while that of spruce 11.8 meters remained unchanged [2] - The RMB - US dollar exchange rate decreased slightly, and the import theoretical cost decreased by - 4% [2] Group 5: Supply - Monthly port shipments in April increased by 24.17% compared to March, reaching 200.3 million cubic meters. The number of ships at the port increased by 13.79% [2] - Weekly major port inventories decreased. As of April 25, the national inventory decreased by 2.28% to 351 million cubic meters, with decreases in Shandong and Jiangsu [3] Group 6: Demand - Weekly average daily log out - bound volume decreased. As of April 25, the national average daily out - bound volume decreased by 10% to 6.15 million cubic meters, with decreases in Shandong and Jiangsu [3]

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Report Industry Investment Rating - Not provided Core Viewpoints of the Report - This week, the high-sulfur crack strengthened, the 380 near end ran strongly, the monthly spread strengthened again, and the basis fluctuated. The low-sulfur crack oscillated at a high level, the near end of the monthly spread strengthened, and the basis continued to strengthen. This week, Singapore's onshore inventory continued to decline, ARA ports' inventory decreased, and the US residual oil inventory increased significantly. The floating storage of high-sulfur fuel oil in Singapore decreased, resulting in an overall inventory decline. The floating storage in the Middle East oscillated at a high level, and Saudi Arabia's exports were neutral year-on-year. The floating storage in Fujairah fluctuated, and the floating storage in Europe decreased. Recently, the low-sulfur fuel oil has strengthened. Attention should be paid to the subsequent realization of supply increments and the change in the low-sulfur exports of the Dangote refinery. The high-sulfur crack is running strongly, with profits higher than the historical average. This year, affected by the consumption tax deduction and tariff adjustment in China, the feedstock demand of fuel oil refineries has dropped significantly. The marine fuel demand is expected to be weaker year-on-year due to tariff impacts. In the short term, the marine fuel market has become prosperous due to rush shipments. In the future, attention should be paid to the procurement demand for power generation and the opportunity for the high-sulfur crack to decline in the medium term [3][4] Summary by Relevant Catalogs Rotterdam Fuel Oil Swap Prices - From May 12 - 16, 2025, the prices of Rotterdam 3.5% HSF O swap M1 increased by 3.94, Rotterdam 0.5% VLS FO swap M1 increased by 4.70, Rotterdam HSFO - Brent M1 decreased by 0.11, Rotterdam 10ppm Gasoil swap M1 decreased by 3.38, Rotterdam VLSFO - Gasoil M1 increased by 8.08, LGO - Brent M1 decreased by 1.28, and Rotterdam VLSFO - HSFO M1 increased by 0.76 [1] Singapore Fuel Oil Swap Prices - From May 12 - 16, 2025, the prices of Singapore 380cst M1 increased by 3.60, Singapore 180cst M1 increased by 3.00, Singapore VLSFO M1 increased by 0.17, Singapore Gasoil M1 decreased by 0.11, Singapore 380cst - Brent M1 increased by 0.48, and Singapore VLSFO - Gasoil M1 increased by 0.98 [1][8] Singapore Fuel Oil Spot Prices - From May 12 - 16, 2025, the FOB 380cst price increased by 6.42, the FOB VLSFO price decreased by 2.75, the 380 basis increased by 0.70, the high - sulfur domestic - foreign price difference decreased by 1.2, and the low - sulfur domestic - foreign price difference decreased by 2.8 [2] Domestic FU Prices - From May 12 - 16, 2025, the price of FU 01 decreased by 1, FU 05 decreased by 5, FU 09 increased by 6, FU 01 - 05 increased by 4, FU 05 - 09 decreased by 11, and FU 09 - 01 increased by 7 [2] Domestic LU Prices - From May 12 - 16, 2025, the price of LU 01 decreased by 10, LU 05 decreased by 7, LU 09 decreased by 18, LU 01 - 05 decreased by 3, LU 05 - 09 increased by 11, and LU 09 - 01 decreased by 8 [3]

Report Overview - The report is the Baocheng Futures Variety Arbitrage Data Daily Report for May 19, 2025, covering multiple commodity sectors including thermal coal, energy chemicals, black metals, non-ferrous metals, agricultural products, and stock index futures [1] 1. Thermal Coal - **Base Price Data**: From May 12 - 16, 2025, the base price of thermal coal showed fluctuations, starting from -171.4 yuan/ton on May 12 and reaching -187.4 yuan/ton on May 16. The spreads of 5 - 1 month, 9 - 1 month, and 9 - 5 month were all 0.0 yuan/ton during this period [2] 2. Energy Chemicals Energy Commodities - **Base Price and Ratio**: From May 12 - 16, 2025, the base price of INE crude oil changed from -14.51 yuan/ton on May 13 to -8.53 yuan/ton on May 16. The ratio of crude oil to asphalt also fluctuated, from 0.1331 on May 12 to 0.1388 on May 16 [6] Chemical Commodities - **Base Price**: For various chemical products such as natural rubber, methanol, PTA, etc., the base prices showed different trends from May 12 - 16, 2025. For example, the base price of natural rubber changed from -375 yuan/ton on May 12 to 45 yuan/ton on May 16 [7] - **Inter - period Spreads**: The inter - period spreads of different chemical products also varied. For example, the 5 - 1 month spread of natural rubber was 95 yuan/ton [7] - **Inter - commodity Spreads**: The inter - commodity spreads such as LLDPE - PVC, LLDPE - PP also had different values on different dates from May 12 - 16, 2025 [7] 3. Black Metals - **Base Price**: From May 12 - 16, 2025, the base prices of black metals including rebar, iron ore, coke, and coking coal showed fluctuations. For example, the base price of rebar changed from 158 yuan/ton on May 12 to 118 yuan/ton on May 16 [12] - **Inter - period Spreads**: The inter - period spreads of rebar and other black metals had different values. For example, the 5 - 1 month spread of rebar was 19 yuan/ton [12] - **Inter - commodity Ratios and Spreads**: The ratios such as screw/ore and spreads such as screw - hot rolled coil also changed during this period [12] 4. Non - ferrous Metals Domestic Market - **Base Price**: From May 12 - 16, 2025, the base prices of domestic non - ferrous metals including copper, aluminum, zinc, etc. showed different trends. For example, the base price of copper changed from 340 yuan/ton on May 12 to 690 yuan/ton on May 16 [20] London Market - **LME Premiums and Discounts, Shanghai - London Ratios, etc.**: On May 16, 2025, the LME premiums and discounts, Shanghai - London ratios, CIF prices, domestic spot prices, and import profit and loss of non - ferrous metals such as copper, aluminum, and zinc were provided. For example, the LME premium of copper was 31.45, and the Shanghai - London ratio was 8.18 [26] 5. Agricultural Products - **Base Price**: From May 12 - 16, 2025, the base prices of agricultural products such as soybeans, soybean meal, and corn showed fluctuations [35] - **Inter - period Spreads**: The inter - period spreads of various agricultural products had different values. For example, the 5 - 1 month spread of soybeans was 33 yuan/ton [33] - **Inter - commodity Ratios and Spreads**: The ratios such as soybean/corn and spreads such as soybean meal - rapeseed meal also changed during this period [33] 6. Stock Index Futures - **Base Price**: From May 12 - 16, 2025, the base prices of stock index futures including CSI 300, SSE 50, CSI 500, and CSI 1000 showed fluctuations. For example, the base price of CSI 300 changed from 37.61 on May 12 to 43.09 on May 16 [43] - **Inter - period Spreads**: The inter - period spreads of different stock index futures had different values. For example, the next - month minus current - month spread of CSI 300 was -40.6 [43]

Report Summary 1. Industry Investment Rating No industry investment rating is provided in the report. 2. Core Views - **沪镍**: The overall view of Shanghai nickel is that it will oscillate. In the short - term, the spot trading is poor, the downstream purchases on a need - basis, the ore price may be under pressure, and the stainless steel has a certain negative impact on the nickel price. Although the new energy vehicle data is good, the medium - and long - term oversupply pattern remains unchanged. The basis is positive, but the inventory and the position situation are negative [2]. - **不锈钢**: The stainless steel is also expected to oscillate. The spot price is flat, the nickel ore price is falling, and the nickel iron price shows signs of stopping the decline. The basis is positive, but the inventory situation is negative [4]. 3. Summary by Directory 3.1 Nickel and Stainless Steel Price Overview - **沪镍**: On May 16, the closing price of the main contract of Shanghai nickel was 124,060, up 460 from the previous day. The nickel index on the Wuxi trading center was 124,000, down 1,050 [11]. - **不锈钢**: The average price of stainless steel was 13,887.5, and the price remained unchanged compared with the previous day [4]. 3.2 Nickel and Stainless Steel Inventory - **沪镍**: As of May 16, the LME nickel inventory was 195,222, a decrease of 3,924; the Shanghai Futures Exchange nickel warehouse receipts were 23,501, an increase of 157 [2][14]. - **不锈钢**: On May 16, the national stainless steel inventory was 1.1083 million tons, a decrease of 4,700 tons from the previous period. The stainless steel futures warehouse receipts were 157,878, a decrease of 837 [4][18][19]. 3.3 Nickel Ore and Nickel Iron Price - On May 16, the price of red - soil nickel ore CIF (Ni1.5%) was 58.5 US dollars per wet ton, and the price of red - soil nickel ore CIF (Ni0.9%) was 31 US dollars per wet ton, both remaining unchanged from the previous day [22]. 3.4 Stainless Steel Production Cost - The traditional production cost of stainless steel was 13,256, the scrap steel production cost was 13,825, and the low - nickel + pure - nickel production cost was 17,005 [24]. 3.5 Nickel Import Cost - The converted import price of nickel was 127,134 yuan per ton [27].

Report Summary 1. Report Industry Investment Rating No relevant content provided. 2. Core View of the Report - This week, the national corn spot price first rose and then stabilized, showing an overall high - level consolidation pattern. Futures were weaker than the spot, leading to a higher basis. New - season corn planting area and output are expected to increase steadily compared to the previous year, but the spring sowing progress in the Northeast is slower. Old - crop corn inventory is decreasing, and the demand side is suppressed. Overall, the corn price is expected to fluctuate within a certain range, and the operation should follow a volatile thinking [7]. 3. Summary by Related Catalogs 1. Corn Futures Market Changes No relevant content provided. 2. Starch Futures Market Changes No relevant content provided. 3. Corn Spot Market Changes - The national corn spot price first rose and then stabilized, with the Northeast remaining stable, North China adjusting slightly, northern ports stable, and southern ports rising slightly. The report also provides a table of various price data and the Guangdong - North Port trade theoretical profit (latest value: - 45.0; weekly change: 10.0) [7][29]. 4. Starch Spot Market Changes No relevant content provided. 5. Corn Starch Spread No relevant content provided. 6. Corn Planting Situation - Since May, the temperature in the Northeast has been low and rainfall has been frequent, causing the spring sowing progress to be about one week later than the same period last year. From May 17th to 23rd, most of the northern spring - sowing areas will have fine weather, but there will be obvious precipitation in some areas, which will briefly hinder spring - sowing operations [50]. 6. Corn Selling Progress No relevant content provided. 7. Corn Import No relevant content provided. 8. Feed and Aquaculture Demand No relevant content provided. 10. Deep - processing Demand - The deep - processing profit has continued to deteriorate, the operating rate has decreased, and the deep - processing demand may be poor in the later stage [7]. 11. Starch Production, Sales and Inventory No relevant content provided. 12. Corn Starch Downstream Demand No relevant content provided. 13. Substitutes - The wheat - corn price difference is low, and the substitution effect suppresses the feed demand for corn [7]. 14. North Port Corn Dynamics No relevant content provided. 15. South Port Corn Dynamics No relevant content provided. 16. South Port Grain Dynamics No relevant content provided. 17. US Corn Futures Market No relevant content provided. 18. US Corn Sowing and Growth Progress No relevant content provided. 19. US Corn Export Sales No relevant content provided. 20. Brazilian Corn Crop Progress No relevant content provided.

Quantitative Models and Construction Methods 1. Model Name: Continuous Hedging Strategy - **Model Construction Idea**: This strategy is based on the convergence of basis in stock index futures and aims to optimize hedging performance by continuously rolling over contracts[47][48] - **Model Construction Process**: - **Backtesting Period**: July 22, 2022, to May 16, 2025[48] - **Spot Side**: Hold the total return index of the corresponding underlying index[48] - **Futures Side**: Use 70% of the funds for the spot side and the remaining 30% for shorting futures contracts with the same nominal principal[48] - **Rebalancing Rules**: Continuously hold the current month/quarter contracts until two days before expiration, then roll over to the next contract at the closing price[48] - **Assumptions**: No transaction fees, impact costs, or indivisibility of futures contracts are considered[48] 2. Model Name: Minimum Basis Strategy - **Model Construction Idea**: This strategy selects futures contracts with the smallest annualized basis discount to optimize hedging performance[49] - **Model Construction Process**: - **Backtesting Period**: July 22, 2022, to May 16, 2025[49] - **Spot Side**: Hold the total return index of the corresponding underlying index[49] - **Futures Side**: Use 70% of the funds for the spot side and the remaining 30% for shorting futures contracts with the same nominal principal[49] - **Rebalancing Rules**: Calculate the annualized basis for all tradable futures contracts and select the one with the smallest discount. Contracts are held for at least eight trading days or until two days before expiration[49] - **Assumptions**: No transaction fees, impact costs, or indivisibility of futures contracts are considered[49] --- Model Backtesting Results 1. Continuous Hedging Strategy - **IC (CSI 500 Futures)**: - Annualized Return: -2.45% (current month), -1.66% (quarterly), -0.66% (minimum basis)[51] - Volatility: 3.94% (current month), 4.85% (quarterly), 4.76% (minimum basis)[51] - Maximum Drawdown: -7.51% (current month), -8.34% (quarterly), -7.97% (minimum basis)[51] - Net Value: 0.9331 (current month), 0.9543 (quarterly), 0.9818 (minimum basis)[51] - **IF (CSI 300 Futures)**: - Annualized Return: 0.76% (current month), 1.01% (quarterly), 1.59% (minimum basis)[56] - Volatility: 3.08% (current month), 3.42% (quarterly), 3.21% (minimum basis)[56] - Maximum Drawdown: -3.95% (current month), -4.03% (quarterly), -4.06% (minimum basis)[56] - Net Value: 1.0212 (current month), 1.0286 (quarterly), 1.0450 (minimum basis)[56] - **IH (SSE 50 Futures)**: - Annualized Return: 1.20% (current month), 2.13% (quarterly), 1.84% (minimum basis)[60] - Volatility: 3.19% (current month), 3.62% (quarterly), 3.21% (minimum basis)[60] - Maximum Drawdown: -4.22% (current month), -3.75% (quarterly), -3.91% (minimum basis)[60] - Net Value: 1.0339 (current month), 1.0605 (quarterly), 1.0521 (minimum basis)[60] - **IM (CSI 1000 Futures)**: - Annualized Return: -5.28% (current month), -3.88% (quarterly), -3.23% (minimum basis)[62] - Volatility: 4.35% (current month), 5.45% (quarterly), 5.31% (minimum basis)[62] - Maximum Drawdown: -14.36% (current month), -12.63% (quarterly), -11.11% (minimum basis)[62] - Net Value: 0.8595 (current month), 0.8953 (quarterly), 0.9124 (minimum basis)[62] --- Quantitative Factors and Construction Methods 1. Factor Name: Cinda-VIX - **Factor Construction Idea**: Reflects investors' expectations of future volatility in the options market, with a term structure to capture different time horizons[65] - **Factor Construction Process**: - Based on methodologies from international markets, adjusted for China's on-exchange options market[65] - Calculated using implied volatilities from options with different maturities[65] - **Factor Evaluation**: Provides insights into market sentiment and volatility expectations[65] 2. Factor Name: Cinda-SKEW - **Factor Construction Idea**: Measures the skewness in implied volatility across different strike prices, capturing market expectations of extreme tail risks[74] - **Factor Construction Process**: - Analyzes the slope of implied volatility curves for options with varying strike prices[74] - Higher SKEW values indicate increased demand for out-of-the-money options, reflecting heightened tail risk concerns[75] - **Factor Evaluation**: Useful for assessing market sentiment and potential "black swan" events[75] --- Factor Backtesting Results 1. Cinda-VIX - **30-Day VIX Values**: - SSE 50: 19.24[65] - CSI 300: 19.19[65] - CSI 500: 22.56[65] - CSI 1000: 26.89[65] 2. Cinda-SKEW - **SKEW Values**: - SSE 50: 100.71[75] - CSI 300: 103.73[75] - CSI 500: 98.73[75] - CSI 1000: 107.96[75]