Report Industry Investment Rating No relevant content provided. Core Viewpoints of the Report - The overall economic situation shows that the debt - to - GDP ratio of the real - economic sector will decline, and the fiscal policy front - loading will end around the end of March and early April. The stock - bond ratio is trending towards bonds, and the value style is more dominant. The recommended investment portfolio includes 30 - year Treasury bond ETF, Shanghai Composite 50 Index, and CSI 1000 Index. The recommended industries are mainly A + H dividend - type stocks in sectors such as banking, telecommunications, and oil and petrochemicals [2][7][24] - The Chinese economy is in a marginal de - leveraging process. The growth rate of the real - economic sector's debt will decline, and the asset side is expected to operate stably. The investment strategy should focus on the allocation of assets with stable returns and appropriately take on high - risk assets to obtain high returns [22] Summary by Directory 1. National Balance Sheet Analysis - **Liability Side**: In February 2025, the debt growth rate of the real - economic sector was 8.4%, slightly lower than expected. It is expected to rebound to around 8.6% in March and then decline. The government's debt growth rate is expected to reach a high point around the end of March and early April and then decline. By the end of the year, the debt growth rate of the real - economic sector is expected to drop to around 8%, and that of the government sector to around 12.6% [2][18][19] - **Fiscal Policy**: Last week, the net increase of government bonds was 495.5 billion yuan, higher than the plan. This week, it is planned to have a net reduction of 435.7 billion yuan. The fiscal policy front - loading started around mid - January and will basically end around the end of March and early April [3][19] - **Monetary Policy**: Last week, the money market showed a marginal relaxation. The yield of the one - year Treasury bond closed at 1.48% at the weekend, and the term spread between the ten - year and one - year Treasury bonds narrowed to 24 basis points. The asset side may operate stably in the future, and it is necessary to observe whether the nominal economic growth rate of about 5% will become the central target for the next 1 - 2 years [4][20] 2. Stock - Bond Cost - Effectiveness and Stock - Bond Style - The stock - bond market continued the trend of a weak stock market and a strong bond market last week, with the value style remaining dominant. The yields of short - and long - term bonds declined significantly. Although there may be short - term fluctuations, the stock - bond cost - effectiveness is trending towards bonds, and the equity style is gradually shifting to value. This week, the recommended investment portfolio includes 30 - year Treasury bond ETF (20% position), Shanghai Composite 50 Index (60% position), and CSI 1000 Index (20% position) [7][23][24] - Since 2016, China has entered a period of marginal contraction of the national balance sheet. The investment strategy should focus on the allocation of stable - return assets and appropriately take on high - risk assets. The stock - bond cost - effectiveness is biased towards bonds, and specific allocation strategies are proposed for stocks and bonds [22] 3. Industry Recommendation 3.1 Industry Performance Review - This week, the A - share market declined with shrinking trading volume. Among the Shenwan primary industries, public utilities, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery, pharmaceutical biology, beauty care, and banking had the largest increases, while automobile, power equipment, household appliances, non - ferrous metals, and electronics had the largest decreases [31] 3.2 Industry Crowding and Trading Volume - As of April 3, the top five crowded industries were electronics, machinery and equipment, computer, power equipment, and pharmaceutical biology, while the bottom five were comprehensive, beauty care, coal, building materials, and oil and petrochemicals. The trading volume of the entire A - share market decreased this week, with non - bank finance, banking, pharmaceutical biology, beauty care, and retail trade having the largest increases in trading volume, and national defense and military industry, coal, oil and petrochemicals, power equipment, and non - ferrous metals having the largest decreases [34][36] 3.3 Industry Valuation and Profitability - This week, among the Shenwan primary industries, the PE (TTM) of social services, computer, public utilities, retail trade, and national defense and military industry increased the most, while that of comprehensive, automobile, household appliances, power equipment, and non - bank finance decreased the most. Industries with high profit forecasts in 2024 and relatively low current valuations compared to history include banking, insurance, oil and petrochemicals, non - ferrous metals, transportation, food and beverage, liquor, household appliances, telecommunications, and consumer electronics [39][40] 3.4 Industry Prosperity - In terms of external demand, there were mixed trends. The global manufacturing PMI declined in March, and the CCFI index decreased. However, the port throughput increased, and the export growth rates of South Korea and Vietnam rose. In terms of domestic demand, the second - hand housing price increased slightly, and quantity indicators showed mixed trends. The capacity utilization rate of ten industries rebounded in March, and the automobile trading volume was at a historically high level [44] 3.5 Public - Fund Market Review - In the fourth week of March (March 24 - 28), most active public - fund equity funds underperformed the CSI 300. As of March 28, the net asset value of active public - fund equity funds was 3.56 trillion yuan, slightly lower than 3.66 trillion yuan in Q4 2024 [59] 3.6 Industry Recommendation - In the de - leveraging cycle, the stock - bond cost - effectiveness is only slightly biased towards equities, and the value style is more likely to be dominant. The recommended A + H dividend portfolio includes 20 A + H stocks, and the A - share portfolio includes 20 A - share stocks, mainly concentrated in industries such as banking, telecommunications, oil and petrochemicals, and transportation [9][64]

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the rising operational costs of China's economy and emphasizes the need for cost reduction and efficiency improvement to sustain economic growth, particularly in the context of increasing fiscal expenditures and debt levels [1][2]. Group 1: Economic Growth and Costs - China's economic growth began later than many countries, leading to a short window for demographic dividends, resulting in rapidly increasing operational costs [2]. - Economic costs can be simplified to the costs of production factors: labor, land, and capital. The diminishing demographic dividend has led to a significant rise in labor costs, while real estate booms have increased land costs [2][6]. - The macro leverage ratio in China has surpassed that of developed economies, indicating that debt costs may become the largest operational cost for the economy [2][12]. Group 2: Structural Constraints on Economic Development - China's economic development faces constraints such as reliance on investment-driven growth, leading to overcapacity in certain industries and insufficient effective demand [2][19]. - The contribution of consumption to GDP growth is low, and increasing this share in the short term is challenging [2][20]. - The aging population is increasing the fiscal burden for pensions, further complicating economic growth [2][28]. Group 3: Recommendations for Cost Reduction - It is urgent to reduce costs and improve efficiency, with a call for the central government to play a larger role in macroeconomic management [3][4]. - The issuance of special bonds should be expanded to alleviate local government debt pressure and redirect fiscal spending towards improving people's livelihoods and stimulating consumption [4][40]. - Investment efficiency should be prioritized, focusing on sectors that yield the highest multiplier effects for economic growth [4][47]. Group 4: Debt and Fiscal Policy - The rapid increase in debt costs since 2009 has become a major operational cost for the economy, with the macro leverage ratio indicating significant debt levels across households, enterprises, and government [9][12]. - The need for a structural adjustment in debt management is highlighted, with a focus on reducing the high leverage of non-financial enterprises [37][39]. - The central government should increase its bond issuance to optimize the debt structure and reduce local government debt burdens [40][44]. Group 5: Future Economic Outlook - The article suggests that the structural issues in the economy, such as low consumer income share and high reliance on exports, will continue to constrain growth [20][22]. - The aging population will lead to increased fiscal demands, particularly for social insurance, which will further elevate operational costs [28][34]. - The need for fiscal reform is emphasized to clarify the responsibilities and financial powers between central and local governments, which is crucial for improving economic structure and efficiency [46][47].

人们通常比较多地关注经济总量和增长速度，对经济维持运行所要承受的成本关注度不高。从客观上讲，企业运营的成本容易 计算，无非是生产和经营所需的各类生产要素的成本。对于国家而言，成本的概念也大致类似。随着经济体量的增加，国家财 政支出规模也随之上升，如我国已经成为全球第二大经济体，每年的赤字规模也有增大趋势，故应该考虑如何让经济运行降本 增效，财政支出的正向乘数效应最大化，以保持经济的良性运行，本文就此话题展开讨论。 摘要 成为全球第二大经济体之后 ——我国经济运行成本上升偏快 我国经济上世纪80年代开始步入高速增长期，从1980年到2010年这30年属于高速增长期，GDP平均增速超过10%， 2010年 GDP总量超过日本，成为全球第二大经济体 。但2011年以后，经济增速开始缓慢下行，就此告别了两位数增长的时代。 中国经济高速增长阶段，主要发生在2011年以前，尤其在上世纪90年代和本世纪00年代，是改革开放红利和人口红利的集 中释放阶段，但2011年开始中国的劳动年龄人口出现负增长，劳动力成本逐年上升，同时，随着房价的上涨，土地价格也 水涨船高，故生产要素价格的上涨必然带来经济运行成本的上升。 我国土地价格 ...