Core Viewpoint - The fiscal revenue and expenditure in the second half of the year will face pressure, but the probability of additional deficits is low. It is expected that fiscal policy reserves will be utilized to cover the revenue shortfall caused by the issuance of childcare and elderly service consumption subsidies [2][6][11]. Group 1: Fiscal Revenue and Expenditure Overview - In the first half of the year, the deviation of fiscal revenue and expenditure from the budget was limited, with national revenue falling short of the initial budget by 463 billion and expenditure lower by 1309 billion for the general public budget [4][6]. - The revenue and expenditure growth rates for the general public budget in the first half of 2025 were -0.3% and 3.4%, respectively, while the government fund revenue and expenditure growth rates were -2.4% and 30.0% [5][7]. Group 2: Projections for the Second Half of the Year - For the second half of the year, the expected growth rates for the general public budget revenue and expenditure are -4.5% and 1.5%, respectively, with a projected revenue shortfall of 516.6 billion and an expenditure shortfall of 547.2 billion compared to the budget [6][11]. - The second half of the year is anticipated to see government fund revenue and expenditure growth rates of -2.5% and 11.4%, respectively, with a budget shortfall exceeding 500 billion [6][11]. Group 3: Budget Management Strategies - In 2024, the highest deviation of the general public budget revenue from the budget reached 915.6 billion, but no additional deficit was added. Instead, measures such as strengthening tax collection and activating existing assets were employed to catch up with the budget [9][11]. - The central budget stabilization fund had a balance of 273.9 billion at the end of 2024, with 100 billion planned to be transferred in 2025, leaving a remaining balance of 173.9 billion [12].

Core Viewpoint - A significant trade rebalancing is occurring globally, with domestic fiscal policy becoming a key driver of economic growth. This shift necessitates effective legal measures and a transparent debt disclosure system to prevent historical debt crises from recurring [2][3]. Group 1: Global Trade Rebalancing - The U.S. has imposed high import tariffs on other countries, marking a clear trend that began nearly a decade ago with the abandonment of the Trans-Pacific Partnership. This trend has been exacerbated by the Trump administration's tariff measures and the Biden administration's industrial subsidies aimed at promoting domestic green industries [3]. - In response to U.S. tariff policies, regions like Europe and China are implementing stronger fiscal stimulus measures to boost domestic demand and reduce reliance on U.S. consumers and financial markets [3]. Group 2: Fiscal Measures in Crisis Response - Germany has amended its constitution to relax strict fiscal rules, launching a €1 trillion investment plan to increase spending in defense, infrastructure, research, digitalization, and climate protection [5]. - China is exploring various options to stimulate long-delayed domestic consumption, requiring structural reforms in social security, financial systems, and gender balance [5]. Group 3: Debt Constraints and Risks - Many governments are facing debt constraints, lacking sufficient resources to meet basic payment obligations and return to inflation targets. Low-income and emerging market countries are particularly at risk of debt crises [7]. - The global supply of dollar-denominated assets is contingent on U.S. fiscal capacity, which is currently under pressure from the debt ceiling crisis and uncertainties surrounding proposed U.S. budget plans [7]. Group 4: Fiscal Transparency and Supervision Mechanisms - Following the last debt crisis, developed countries undertook debt clean-up, while emerging economies engaged in debt restructuring. However, the world is once again facing the risk of a global debt crisis, raising questions about the effectiveness of oversight by institutions like the IMF and World Bank [9].

Economic Performance - Cambodia's economy shows strong but uneven performance, with manufacturing and services growth driven by stable exports, particularly in garments and tourism[35] - Agricultural sector employment remains significant, supporting 3.1 million jobs, but its contribution to GDP growth is limited, only 0.2 percentage points in 2024[36] - Total rice production increased by 11.0% in 2024, but structural challenges persist, including reliance on weather conditions and price volatility[36] Trade and Investment - Exports to the US, especially garments, remain strong, with a year-on-year growth of 11.6% in Q1 2025, contributing significantly to consumer confidence[38] - Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows are primarily from China, accounting for 65.5% of total net FDI, while domestic investment approvals have sharply declined by 96.7% year-on-year[39][43] - Total goods exports reached $26.673 billion in 2024, with a significant contribution from the garment, travel goods, and footwear sectors[43] Inflation and Monetary Policy - Inflation rose to 3.7% in March 2025, driven mainly by food price increases, while broad money supply growth reached 19.0%[38] - The banking sector reported a non-performing loan (NPL) rate of 7.9% by the end of 2024, indicating deteriorating asset quality[40] Fiscal Policy and Public Debt - Central government revenue increased by 11.2% year-on-year in Q1 2025, primarily due to significant growth in VAT and non-tax revenues[40] - Public debt remains low at 25.9% of GDP as of the end of 2024, with a projected fiscal deficit of 2.7% of GDP for 2025[41] Social Impact and Inequality - Economic recovery has been uneven, with household consumption per capita growing by 8% from 2021 to 2023, but disparities exist between income groups[42] - The poorest 20% saw a 7% increase in consumption, while the wealthiest 20% experienced a 10% increase, highlighting income inequality[42]

Group 1 - The U.S. labor market shows signs of weakness, with non-farm payrolls adding only 73,000 jobs in August, significantly below the expected 110,000, marking the lowest figure since October of the previous year [1] - The Labor Department revised down the job numbers for May and June, reducing them by a total of 258,000 jobs, which contributed to an increase in the unemployment rate from 4.1% to 4.2% [1] - The federal government has been cutting jobs, with 12,000 positions eliminated in July alone, totaling 84,000 job cuts for the year [1] Group 2 - Analysts have noted that the current economic state is characterized by stagnation, with no hiring or layoffs occurring, described as "half-dead" [2] - The significant job cuts in federal agencies, including over 80,000 positions in the Department of Education, have contributed to the employment decline [4] - The cumulative downward revision of non-farm payroll data since 2023 has exceeded 1.7 million jobs, raising concerns about the accuracy of previous employment reports [4] Group 3 - Investor Jim Rogers has expressed extreme pessimism about the U.S. economy, warning of an impending "great crisis" due to the massive national debt [9] - Rogers draws parallels between the current U.S. situation and the historical debt crisis faced by the UK in 1976, emphasizing the importance of debt repayment [9] - He believes the prolonged bull market in U.S. stocks, which has lasted since 2009, is unsustainable and warns of a severe downturn when the market eventually corrects [9] Group 4 - Rogers has shifted his investment focus away from U.S. stocks, holding only stocks from China, which he views as a rapidly rising global power with significant potential, particularly in tourism [8][12] - He highlights the importance of China's Belt and Road Initiative, suggesting it will reshape global economic and political landscapes [8]

与此同时，在关税上调的背景下，高盛研究部对美国经济前景持谨慎态度：经济学家估计，2025年平均 实际关税税率将上升约14个百分点，明年将再上升3个百分点，到2026年将接近20%。 关税将如何影响美国经济? 高盛首席经济学家Jan Hatzius表示，预计美国第四季度GDP同比增长约1%。经济衰退的风险约为30%， 是历史平均水平的两倍。 Hatzius表示："就经济而言，这将继续是一场艰难的斗争。经济增长仍将十分缓慢。" 虽然进口关税迄今为止对价格影响不大，但Hatzius预计今年核心通胀率将上升约一个百分点，达到3% 以上。通胀上升将对消费者支出造成压力。Hatzius表示："消费者支出已经处于疲软状态。它已经停滞 不前了，这种情况在经济衰退之外并不常见。" 高盛发布文章称，由于美国庞大的财政赤字引发了对债务可持续性的质疑，美国长期国债及美元汇率面 临压力。不过，有迹象表明美国股市仍将强劲上扬。 Hatzius表示，他过去对美国的财政前景"更加乐观"。例如，2008年金融危机之后，巨额预算赤字伴随着 失业率的上升。当时的利率远低于实际GDP趋势增长率，这有助于弥补赤字的扩大。 他表示："很多情况都变了。" ...

Group 1 - Bonds are debt securities issued by governments, financial institutions, and corporations to raise funds, promising to pay interest at a certain rate and repay the principal under agreed conditions [1] - The most common types of bonds include fixed-rate bonds, floating-rate bonds, and zero-coupon bonds, which can be traded in the market, forming a bond market [1] - Government bonds are issued to cover government expenditures, invest in public works, and manage fiscal deficits, with investors receiving interest during the holding period and principal at maturity [1] Group 2 - Different types of government bonds include national bonds, special national bonds, ultra-long special national bonds, special bonds, general bonds, and refinancing bonds, each with unique characteristics regarding issuance, purpose, and management [2] - National bonds are issued by the central government to raise fiscal funds, typically to cover deficits or invest in public infrastructure and key projects [3] - Special national bonds are issued for specific policies and purposes, not suitable for ordinary investors, and do not require budget arrangements for repayment [4] Group 3 - Ultra-long special national bonds have a maturity of over 10 years and are used for long-term strategic projects, with a planned issuance scale of 1.3 trillion yuan in 2025 for major strategic implementations and key area security capability construction [5] - Local government bonds are issued by local governments to raise funds for local construction, categorized into general and special bonds, with the latter being used for specific projects with expected returns [6][9] - General bonds are issued to cover public fiscal deficits, while special bonds are for projects with certain returns, repaid through corresponding government fund revenues [9] Group 4 - Refinancing bonds are issued to raise funds for repaying existing debts and adjusting debt structures, with a focus on repaying old debts rather than funding new projects [9][10] - Special refinancing bonds have evolved to allow funds to be used for repaying existing local debts, including hidden debts, thus becoming an important tool for local debt management [10]

基于上述原因，笔者怀疑美国经济反弹的持续性，对于美国经济前景持谨慎态度，且不排除一些"黑天 鹅事件"对于美国经济负面冲击的可能性的存在。 上述最新的美国经济数据反映出美国经济具有相当的韧性，就业市场乃至经济总量都出现了大幅反弹， 从前期的下行趋势中复苏过来。 不过，美国经济的上述这种复苏是否能够在未来延续，能够在多大程度上延续，这还存在着很大的不确 定性。 正如在先前文章中阐述的，笔者认为美国经济未来更大的可能性不是市场普遍担心的通货膨胀的反弹， 而是经济的加速下行。当前美国经济承受的负面压力不仅来源于特朗普总统的关税政策带来的巨大的不 确定性，也不仅来源于美联储持续将美国联邦基金利率水平维持在高位，更在于其深层次的顽疾所导致 的美国财政赤字高企和美国债务规模的不断膨胀。 7月30日公布的数据显示，美国第二季度GDP年化季率从前值-0.5%升至3%，不仅由负转正，还超过了 预期值2.4%。这就避免了美国经济陷入技术性衰退。同日公布的美国7月ADP就业人数也从前值-2.3万 人升至10.4万人。 JerryZang 免责声明：本文内容及观点仅供参考，不构成任何投资建议。投资者据此操作，风险自担。一切有关市 场的 ...

Report Summary 1. Report Industry Investment Rating - No information provided in the given content regarding the industry investment rating. 2. Core View of the Report - With recent progress in trade negotiations, the US dollar index has strengthened, leading to a continuous decline in gold prices. Amid the overall rise and fall of commodities, silver has also corrected. Before the new tariff deadline, there has been a peak in negotiations. After the US reached a trade agreement with Japan and a 15% tariff agreement with the EU (lower than previous expectations), risk aversion has cooled. Trump has been pressuring the Fed to cut interest rates, but the expectation of a July rate cut remains low, and the market is focusing on whether there will be a rate cut in September. The rebound of US CPI has further cooled the short - term rate cut expectation, and the market is watching this week's non - farm payrolls performance. Although US economic data shows that the impact of tariff policies is smaller than feared, the subsequent impact may gradually increase. The implementation of the "Big and Beautiful" bill continues to boost the expectation of the US fiscal deficit, and the People's Bank of China has been continuously increasing its gold holdings. The long - term drivers for gold still provide support, but the high price makes upward movement hesitant. Overall, gold and silver are likely to continue to show a volatile performance [4]. 3. Summary by Related Catalogs Futures Market - **Prices and Changes**: The current prices of沪金2510 and沪金2512 are 770.68 and 772.84 respectively, with price drops of - 4.10 and - 4.16, and declines of - 0.53% and - 0.54%. The current prices of沪银2510 and沪银2512 are 9201.00 and 9218.00 respectively, with price drops of - 11.00 and - 16.00, and declines of - 0.12% and - 0.17%. [2] - **Positions and Volumes**: The positions of沪金2510 and沪金2512 are 209675 and 112653 respectively, and the trading volumes are 256019 and 31873 respectively. The positions of沪银2510 and沪银2512 are 398421 and 210928 respectively, and the trading volumes are 1203307 and 160014 respectively. [2] - **Spot Premiums**: The spot premiums of沪金2510 and沪金2512 are 0.90 and - 1.26 respectively, and those of沪银2510 and沪银2512 are - 15.00 and - 32.00 respectively. [2] Spot Market - **Prices and Changes**: The previous closing prices of Shanghai Gold T + D and London Gold were 771.58 and 764.91 respectively, with price drops of - 2.03 and - 3.94, and declines of - 0.26% and - 0.51%. The previous closing price of London Gold (in dollars per ounce) was 3314.18, with a price drop of - 22.04 and a decline of - 0.66%. The previous closing price of Shanghai Silver T + D was 9186.00, with a price drop of - 186.00 and a decline of - 1.98%. The previous closing price of London Silver (in dollars per ounce) was 38.15, with a price increase of 0.02 and an increase of 0.04%. [2] - **Differences and Ratios**: The current values of沪金2512 - 沪金2510 and沪银2512 - 沪银2510 are 2.16 and 17 respectively. The spot gold - to - silver ratio is 84.00. The ratios of Shanghai Gold to London Gold and Shanghai Silver to London Silver are 7.24 and 7.49 respectively. [2] Inventory - **Changes**: The inventories of Shanghai Futures Exchange gold and COMEX gold remain unchanged at 30,258 kilograms and 38,034,038 respectively. The inventories of Shanghai Futures Exchange silver and COMEX silver have increased by 21,015.00 kilograms and 1375881 respectively. [2] Related Variables - **Index and Yield Changes**: The current values of the US dollar index, Standard & Poor's Index, US Treasury yield, Brent crude oil, and the US dollar - to - RMB exchange rate are 98.6694, 6389.77, 4.42, 69.6, and 7.1835 respectively, with increases of 1.02%, 0.02%, 0.45%, 0.01%, and 0.21% respectively compared to the previous values. [2] Derivatives - **Position Changes**: The positions of spdr gold ETF and SLV silver ETF have increased by 1.00 tons. The net positions of CFTC speculators in silver have increased by 481, while those in gold have decreased by 1451. [2] Market News - **Trade Negotiations**: On July 28 local time, the economic and trade teams of China and the US held economic and trade talks in Stockholm, Sweden, aiming to translate the important consensus of the two heads of state into specific policies and actions, implement the consensus of the Geneva economic and trade talks and the London framework, and promote the healthy development of China - US economic and trade relations. [3] - **Trump's Statements**: Trump may impose a unified tariff of 15% - 20% on imported goods from countries that have not negotiated separate trade agreements with the US. He is also disappointed with Putin and is shortening the 50 - day deadline for Russia and Ukraine to reach an agreement. If no agreement is reached, the US will implement "secondary sanctions". [3] - **US Treasury Borrowing**: The US Treasury has significantly raised its estimate of federal borrowing for this quarter to $1 trillion, mainly due to the impact of the debt ceiling. It now expects the net borrowing from July to September to be $1.01 trillion, up from the April forecast of $554 billion. [3] - **European Central Bank**: European Central Bank hawkish official Kazimir said that the ECB is not in a hurry to lower borrowing costs again. Unless there is a major unexpected economic turn, the reason for action in September is not sufficient. [3]

Group 1 - The U.S. stock market has reached new historical highs, with the S&P 500 hitting 6401 points and the Nasdaq reaching 21202 points, yet the market reaction has been surprisingly calm [1][3] - The recent 15% tariff agreement between the U.S. and EU is perceived as a temporary pause rather than a resolution, with the U.S. benefiting significantly from the deal [3][4] - The S&P 500 has experienced a remarkable V-shaped recovery, gaining 23% in just 89 trading days, resulting in a market capitalization increase of $10 trillion, driven largely by Nvidia's performance [4][6] Group 2 - 83% of S&P 500 companies exceeded earnings expectations in Q2, indicating strong corporate profitability despite economic challenges [4][5] - The forward P/E ratio of the S&P 500 has surged to 23, significantly above historical averages, raising concerns about market complacency and potential risks [5][6] - Major tech companies, including Meta, Microsoft, Amazon, and Apple, are set to report earnings this week, which could significantly influence market sentiment [6][7] Group 3 - The U.S. LNG producers are among the first winners from the U.S.-EU tariff agreement, with stock prices soaring due to a $750 billion energy procurement commitment from the EU [7] - Tesla has secured a $16.5 billion chip contract with Samsung, indicating strong demand for its AI chips and further solidifying its market position [7] - European companies are facing mixed results, with some experiencing sales declines due to retail price wars and rising production costs from tariffs [7]

Group 1 - The U.S. government has allowed citizens to make voluntary donations to help reduce the national debt through Venmo and PayPal, expanding payment options beyond traditional bank transfers and credit cards [1][2] - As of July 25, the U.S. national debt has reached a record $36.7 trillion, an increase of 87% from $19.59 trillion in 2010 [2] - The donation program, which has been in place since 1996, has raised only $67.3 million, representing a mere 0.0002% of the current national debt [1][2] Group 2 - Concerns about the sustainability of U.S. debt are growing, with hedge fund founder Ray Dalio warning of increasing risks of a fiscal crisis unless urgent policy changes are made [3][4] - Dalio suggests that the U.S. should aim to reduce the federal deficit to 3% of GDP, a level last maintained during the Clinton administration, to stabilize markets and control interest expenses [4] - The recent "Big and Beautiful" tax and spending bill is projected to increase the federal deficit by approximately $3.4 trillion over the next decade, raising concerns about the long-term fiscal outlook [5] Group 3 - The U.S. Congressional Budget Office estimates that the new tax and spending bill will lead to a direct spending reduction of about $1.1 trillion and a revenue decline of approximately $4.5 trillion, exacerbating the fiscal deficit [5] - Fitch Ratings has downgraded the outlook for 25% of U.S. industries to "negative," citing increased uncertainty and anticipated prolonged high interest rates [5] - The U.S. stock market has reached new highs, but there are concerns about the sustainability of this growth due to excessive liquidity from the Federal Reserve and the Treasury, which may lead to a market correction [6]