债券研究 第二，30y 国债明确采取新代码发行，公告发布后 250002 表现偏弱，短期内 2500006 或延续活跃券地位，关注后续 30y 普通国债换券失败风险。 2、关键期限国债单只规模：年初先上升后回落，后续或仍有提速空间 年初 2 年和 10 年期关键期限国债单只发行规模较大，普通国债发行靠前发力， 可能存在续发压力大、更快形成实物工作量、和让位特别国债等原因。随后披 露的 1 年国债单只规模下降至 1350 亿，不同的国债发行速度反应什么信息？ （1）4%赤字率对应关键期限国债单只发行规模年度均值在 1500 亿附近。 证 券 研 究 报 告 【债券日报】 国债发行进度真的快么？ ——2026Q1 政府债券供给展望及关注要点 一、国债：Q1 支数变化不大，单只规模上升后回落，后续存在提速空间 1、Q1 国债计划解读 第一，国债发行只数 2026 年一季度与 2025 年同期差异不大。 （2）国债单只规模先上升后下降，若后续延续 1350 亿的发行速度，全月均值 或在 1500 亿附近，符合 4%赤字率下的中性发行速度。 （3）若 Q1 净融资进度要赶上 2025 年，关键期限国债单只发行规模季度均 ...

时隔8个月，制造业PMI重回扩张区间，2025年12月制造业PMI回升至50.1%。 国联民生（601456）首席经济学家陶川表示，12月制造业PMI的"逆季节性"上升实属不易，比起"春节 效应"褪去后的3月PMI脉冲式升高，这次12月PMI的"逆季节性"上升似乎含金量更足，受寒潮来袭、国 内外节假日等特殊因素影响，12月PMI通常会季节性下降，但却环比逆势大幅上升0.9个百分点。 陶川进一步分析，结合PMI细项指标表现来看，与历史季节性相比，今年12月升幅排名前三的指标依次 为：PMI生产经营活动预期指数(大于2015—2024年12月环比增速中枢2.8个百分点，下同)、PMI生产指 数(大于历史中枢2.2个百分点)、PMI采购量(大于历史中枢1.8个百分点)。值得注意的是，这些指标均与 企业生产相关，共同显示出企业从"预期改善"到"实际备货"、再到"加快生产"的清晰链条，指向当前生 产扩张意愿偏强。 金元证券固收首席分析师贾晓庆认为，制造业PMI"重回50"，更多意味着企稳信号，而非趋势反转。从 时间序列对比来看，2025年12月制造业PMI更偏向于对前期过度偏弱的修正，自4月以来，制造业PMI 持续位于 ...

Group 1 - The core viewpoint of the report is that the fiscal policy for 2025 will be "more proactive," leading to significant increases in both narrow and broad fiscal deficits, with narrow deficit expected to rise by 39% and broad deficit by 27% [1][13][14] - The issuance of government bonds will be accelerated, with net supply expected to increase by 128% year-on-year in the first half of 2025, while broad fiscal expenditure is projected to show a "U"-shaped trend in 2024 and a "front high and back low" trend in 2025 [1][14] - The structure of fiscal revenue is improving, with a target growth rate for non-tax revenue set at -14.2%, indicating a reduced reliance on non-tax income [2][15][16] Group 2 - The expansion of debt resolution measures and diversification of debt resolution methods are highlighted, including the issuance of special bonds and policies targeting corporate arrears and PPP projects [2][16][17] - The expected slowdown in infrastructure investment growth in the second half of 2025 is attributed to several factors, including the completion of prior funding projects and the diversion of funds to debt resolution [3][18][19] - For 2026, the central economic work conference emphasizes the continuation of a more proactive fiscal policy, with expectations for a slight increase in fiscal strength compared to 2025 [4][20][21] Group 3 - The anticipated fiscal revenue growth for 2026 is projected to rebound to 3%-5%, driven by price increases and tax policy adjustments [5][26][27] - The introduction of new policy financial tools is expected to significantly impact fixed asset investment, with an estimated investment scale of 1.5-2 trillion yuan in 2026 [6][28][29] - The report indicates a structural shift in consumption patterns, with a focus on new types of consumption and service consumption, as traditional durable goods consumption is expected to slow down [8][32][33] Group 4 - The report discusses the expansion of debt resolution to include non-hidden debts, with measures to clear local government arrears to enterprises [9][34][35] - The importance of improving the local tax system is highlighted, with potential reforms in consumption tax expected to accelerate [10][36][37] - The overall impact on the asset side suggests that continued fiscal strength and proactive measures will support nominal growth and micro-activity in 2026 [11][37]

证券研究报告 | 宏观研究 gszqdatemark 2025 11 29 年 月 日 宏观点评 中央经济工作会议前瞻 事件：按惯例，12 月上中旬将召开政治局会议、中央经济工作会议。 核心观点：12 月政治局会议一开完、2026 年政策大方向也就定了，随 后的中央经济工作会议据此进一步部署、篇幅也更长，我们预计：应会 突出"十五五"开局之年的重要性，2026 年政策总基调应会偏积极、 偏扩张、偏刺激，应会强调"做好经济工作意义重大"、GDP 目标可能 继续定为 5%左右，应会进一步突出强产业（科技&新质生产力）、扩内 需、中央加杠杆，应会进一步布局"十五五"，也应会进一步要求抓落 实、充分调动各方积极性；具体方向上，重点关注货币政策、财政政 策、科技自立自强、"两重"、"两新"、服务消费、提升居民消费率、稳 股市、稳楼市、"投资于人"、"中国人经济"等可能的新部署。继续提 示：大环境依旧是市场的好朋友，乐观点、乘势而上、调整就是机会。 1、12 月政治局会议历来是中央经济工作会议的吹风会，且大多间隔在 一周内，次年经济工作基调和总体部署也就此确定。节奏上，每年 4/7/10/12 月的季度政治局会议（10 ...

Core Viewpoint - The manufacturing PMI for August slightly increased by 0.1 points to 49.4, with 7 out of 15 sub-sectors remaining in the expansion zone, consistent with previous values [1][5][6]. Group 1: Industry Performance - Industries showing improvement in August primarily include high-tech manufacturing (computers, pharmaceuticals), equipment manufacturing (specialized, automotive), and some raw material sectors (non-ferrous, non-metallic, petrochemical, chemical), along with the textile and apparel industry. This improvement is driven by macroeconomic factors such as policy benefits, strong export orders, and price recovery due to "anti-involution" [1][9][10]. - The sectors with significant declines in August include general equipment, electrical machinery, metals, chemical fibers and plastics, and food. This decline is attributed to high capital usage for "equipment renewal" in the first half of the year, a decrease in export orders, and self-imposed constraints on capital expenditure by companies [2][13]. - The absolute prosperity index shows that specialized and general equipment sectors are relatively leading, with specialized equipment reaching over 95% in the past four years, driven by "dual heavy" projects and "AI+" initiatives [2][14]. Group 2: Emerging Industries - In emerging industries, both new energy and energy-saving environmental protection sectors are in the expansion zone, likely due to accelerated fiscal funding and project bidding since the end of the second quarter. The sales prices in these sectors increased by 4.6% and 2.6% respectively [3][17][18]. - The construction industry saw a notable decline in prosperity, dropping 1.5 points to 49.1, with infrastructure construction experiencing a downturn but new orders improving, indicating a potential acceleration in project funding and signing [3][19][21]. Group 3: Service Sector Performance - The service sector PMI rose by 0.5 points to 50.5, reaching a new high for the year. Key drivers include increased activity in travel-related sectors during the summer, high capital market service activity, and continued strength in information technology services [4][22][23]. - The service sector's performance indicates a recovery in consumer spending related to summer travel and robust capital market activities, with various service industries showing improvements in their respective PMIs [4][24]. Group 4: Summary Insights - The short-term indicators of prosperity in August highlight four key areas: raw materials related to "anti-involution," large projects and "AI+" related industries, summer travel-related service consumption, and capital market services. These indicators exhibit structural characteristics, while the overall economic momentum is still adjusting [4][25].

Group 1: Economic Overview - China's total grain production is expected to reach 1.4 trillion jin in 2024, with import and export scale stabilizing at 20 trillion yuan in the first half of the year, marking a historical high for the same period [1][2] - The Central Political Bureau meeting emphasized maintaining strategic determination and enhancing confidence to achieve annual goals, focusing on agriculture and external openness [1][2] Group 2: Agricultural Sector - The emphasis on solidifying the "three rural issues" (agriculture, rural areas, and farmers) is crucial for stabilizing agricultural production and ensuring food security [2][3] - Summer grain production reached 299.48 billion jin, overcoming drought challenges, with various agricultural products maintaining top global production levels [6][8] Group 3: Rural Economic Development - Rural residents' per capita disposable income reached 11,936 yuan in the first half of the year, reflecting a real growth of 6.2% after adjusting for price factors [7] - The collective economic income of villages is projected to exceed 500,000 yuan this year, contributing to infrastructure maintenance and agricultural equipment purchases [7] Group 4: Foreign Trade and Investment - In the first half of the year, China's total import and export value reached 21.79 trillion yuan, with a year-on-year growth of 2.9% [10][11] - The establishment of new foreign investment enterprises increased by 11.7%, indicating a strong foreign investment attraction [10][11] Group 5: Infrastructure and Investment - Infrastructure investment grew by 4.6% year-on-year in the first half of the year, outpacing overall investment growth [14] - The "two重" (two major projects) initiative aims to stimulate private investment and enhance effective investment, with significant progress expected by the end of the year [14][15]

Core Viewpoint - The manufacturing PMI in July decreased by 0.4 points to 49.3, indicating a contraction in the manufacturing sector, while the overall economic sentiment showed slight improvement with an increase in the number of expanding industries from 6 to 7, suggesting that economic conditions are influenced by both quantity and price factors [1][5][6]. Group 1: Industry Performance - In July, industries showing improvement were primarily in two categories: midstream equipment manufacturing and certain raw material sectors, including general and specialized equipment, electrical machinery, and metal products, likely linked to the release of the 2025 "Two Heavy" construction projects and central budget investments [7][10]. - The producer price index for black metals, non-ferrous metals, and non-metallic minerals increased by 80.1, 13.4, and 12.7 points respectively in July, reflecting a positive price trend in these sectors [7][8]. - The number of industries in the expansion zone increased to 7, with notable improvements in specialized equipment (up 1.6 points), general equipment (up 14.8 points), and electrical machinery (up 1.9 points) [7][10]. Group 2: Declining Industries - The industries experiencing significant downturns included durable consumer goods related to "trade-in" programs, export-dependent sectors, and the petrochemical industry, with automotive and computer communication electronics seeing declines of 7.0 and 3.7 points respectively [10][11]. - Export orders for automotive, textiles, and chemical industries showed notable declines, with the automotive sector's export orders dropping by 10.6 points [11][10]. - The petrochemical sector's sentiment decreased by 9.8 points in July, correlating with a drop in international crude oil prices after a peak in mid-June [10][11]. Group 3: Emerging Industries - The new materials industry has maintained a leading sentiment for three consecutive months, with a 0.4 point increase in July, remaining above the 50 mark, indicating robust growth driven by connections to upstream sectors like new energy and robotics [17][18]. - High-end equipment manufacturing and energy-saving industries showed resilience, remaining above seasonal averages, while the biotechnology and new energy vehicle sectors experienced declines [17][18]. - The sentiment in the new materials sector is supported by rapid internal growth and large-scale equipment updates, while the new energy vehicle sector faces production constraints due to industry "anti-involution" policies [17][18]. Group 4: Construction and Service Industries - In July, the construction sector saw a decline in outdoor construction activities due to adverse weather conditions, with residential construction sentiment dropping by 4.7 points, which is greater than the seasonal average decline [18][20]. - The service sector's operating conditions slightly decreased by 0.1 points in July, with high sentiment in travel-related industries such as aviation and dining, which saw significant increases [23][24]. - The overall service sector sentiment remains relatively high, with cultural and sports entertainment sectors exceeding 60 points, indicating a vibrant market [23][24].

Group 1 - The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) is focusing on stabilizing employment, expanding domestic demand, and ensuring economic growth through a comprehensive policy toolbox [1][2] - The NDRC plans to distribute a fourth batch of 690 billion yuan in subsidies for consumption, completing the annual target of 3000 billion yuan [2] - The NDRC emphasizes the importance of artificial intelligence (AI) in enhancing productivity and efficiency across various industries, with a focus on commercializing AI applications [3] Group 2 - The central government is addressing issues of low-price disorderly competition and is committed to regulating such practices to ensure fair market competition [4][5] - The NDRC is revising the pricing law to clarify standards for identifying unfair pricing behaviors, particularly targeting predatory pricing below cost [5] - The NDRC aims to combine effective market mechanisms with proactive government intervention to improve market order and encourage high-quality competition [5]

Group 1 - The "anti-involution" trend is expected to continue, with positive performance in related sectors following the July 1 policy announcement. This trend is based on the expectation of improved industry performance and sustained demand, which may enhance the space for the "anti-involution" market [4][24]. - The U.S. tariff policy impact has dulled, with the recent extension of tariff exemptions and adjustments indicating a less aggressive stance, which may limit its overall market impact [4][30]. - As of July 20, 2025, 43.7% of the 1,547 listed companies that disclosed earnings forecasts reported positive expectations, particularly in sectors like non-bank financials, metals, and construction materials [4][31]. Group 2 - The GDP growth rate for the first half of 2025 was 5.3%, exceeding the annual target, with the second quarter showing a slight decline to 5.2% due to external factors. The first and third industries saw growth, while the second industry experienced a decline [34][35]. - The "anti-involution" policies have led to active responses from various industries, including steel, photovoltaic, and automotive sectors, which are expected to benefit from these measures [12][40]. - The focus on technology and advanced manufacturing sectors is highlighted, with significant opportunities in military, low-altitude economy, AI, and robotics, driven by favorable policies and high industry sentiment [40].

Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes the strategic significance of expanding effective government investment in China through the "implementation of major national strategies and security capacity building in key areas," which supports the "new two-step" modernization agenda and combines supply-side structural reform with counter-cyclical regulation to stimulate domestic demand [1][4][37]. Group 1: Effective Investment and Economic Context - The current economic environment necessitates a focus on effective government investment, particularly during periods of economic downturn, to stimulate growth and enhance overall economic performance [1][8][21]. - The concept of "comprehensive performance" is introduced, which transcends traditional cost-benefit analysis by considering long-term benefits and positive externalities associated with government investments [4][12][38]. - The need for "appropriately ahead of schedule" investments is highlighted, suggesting that long-term infrastructure projects should be planned with foresight to maximize their impact [4][12][17]. Group 2: Investment Scenarios and Mechanisms - The article identifies various scenarios for effective government investment, including the construction of sponge cities, which are crucial for disaster prevention and urban resilience [2][26][27]. - It discusses the importance of innovative financing mechanisms, such as special bonds and public-private partnerships (PPP), to support these investments and ensure their sustainability [2][29][35]. - The necessity of a coordinated approach in government investment planning is emphasized, advocating for a unified strategy that aligns national and local investment efforts [25][39]. Group 3: Challenges and Recommendations - The article acknowledges challenges in measuring the effectiveness of government investments, particularly in terms of direct economic returns versus broader social benefits [12][13][15]. - Recommendations include enhancing the management of public debt and optimizing investment strategies to ensure that government spending translates into tangible economic benefits [31][34][36]. - The importance of addressing the needs of the private sector and improving the investment climate for private enterprises is also discussed, highlighting the role of government in fostering a supportive environment for economic growth [21][22].