全要素生产率

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经济史和实证证明,关税讹诈不会得逞
21世纪经济报道· 2025-04-13 00:10
早在1 9世纪中期,法国经济学家巴斯夏提出了著名的"无效铁轨理论":在法国和西班牙之间 课征关税,将抵消法国和西班牙之间修建铁路而降低贸易成本的利益,在本质上是毫无意义 的。 同样在1 9世纪的1 8 4 1年,德国著名思想家弗里德里希·李斯特,这位保守的德国民族主义经济 学家也认识到,无论要征收何种关税,都应当适度,不要使进口和消费因此而受限制,否 则,不但国内的生产能力将受到削弱,而且增加税收的目的也将受挫。 近两百年来,从亚当·斯密到李嘉图,从弗里德曼到克鲁格曼,几乎每一代的经济学家,无不 强调自由贸易对世界经济发展的重要性,作为经济史教授的美国财政部长斯科特·贝森特对此 自然非常清楚,然而现在世界看到的是,政治立场表态已经超越了专业与科学精神。 然而这种关税讹诈,会得逞吗?会让美国实现制造业回流吗?一国的经济发展,本质上来 说,主要依靠全要素生产率的提升。那么滥施关税,对提升全要素生产率有帮助吗? 作 者丨 黄智文(资深财税研究学者) 编 辑丨洪晓文 今年4月份以来,美国对各国使出了极限的关税讹诈大棒。这种极限的关税讹诈必将损人害 己,这早已被理论和实证所证明。 2 0 1 6年,法国著名经济学家、哈 ...
评论| 经济史和实证证明,关税讹诈不会得逞
2 1 Shi Ji Jing Ji Bao Dao· 2025-04-12 13:48
黄智文(资深财税研究学者) 今年4月份以来,美国对各国使出了极限的关税讹诈大棒。这种极限的关税讹诈必将损人害己,这早已 被理论和实证所证明。 早在19世纪中期,法国经济学家巴斯夏提出了著名的"无效铁轨理论":在法国和西班牙之间课征关税, 将抵消法国和西班牙之间修建铁路而降低贸易成本的利益,在本质上是毫无意义的。 同样在19世纪的1841年,德国著名思想家弗里德里希·李斯特,这位保守的德国民族主义经济学家也认 识到,无论要征收何种关税,都应当适度,不要使进口和消费因此而受限制,否则,不但国内的生产能 力将受到削弱,而且增加税收的目的也将受挫。 近两百年来,从亚当·斯密到李嘉图,从弗里德曼到克鲁格曼,几乎每一代的经济学家,无不强调自由 贸易对世界经济发展的重要性,作为经济史教授的美国财政部长斯科特·贝森特对此自然非常清楚,然 而现在世界看到的是,政治立场表态已经超越了专业与科学精神。 然而这种关税讹诈,会得逞吗?会让美国实现制造业回流吗?一国的经济发展,本质上来说,主要依靠 全要素生产率的提升。那么滥施关税,对提升全要素生产率有帮助吗? 巴菲特曾说,对外课征的关税将最终转化为对内课征的商品税。开征商品税,是一项紧 ...
科技赋能转型升级进行时:机械行业技术要素对信用质量的影响分析
新世纪资信评估· 2025-04-02 01:00
Investment Rating - The report indicates a positive outlook for the mechanical industry, highlighting the transition towards new productive forces and technological innovation as key drivers for growth and credit quality improvement. Core Insights - The development of new productive forces is driving technological innovation and structural upgrades in the mechanical industry, creating new market demands and business models [2][4][5]. - Key areas of growth include industrial humanoid robots, industrial 3D printing equipment, low-altitude economic industrial drones, AGV intelligent logistics, and high-precision military products, all of which exhibit high growth potential and are becoming new growth engines for the industry [2][4][12]. - The mechanical industry is accelerating its shift from traditional energy to new productive forces, with significant impacts on revenue and operational efficiency from technological investments [2][79]. Summary by Sections 1. Characteristics of the Mechanical Industry's Transformation - The mechanical industry is experiencing a comprehensive impact from the development of new productive forces, which is fostering technological innovation and structural upgrades [4][5]. - New productive forces are characterized by high technology, high efficiency, and high quality, leading to a systemic leap in production methods and significant improvements in overall productivity [5][6]. 2. Performance of New Productive Forces in the Mechanical Industry - The report identifies several key areas where new productive forces are manifesting, including the establishment of technology innovation platforms, the construction of intelligent factories, and the adoption of remanufacturing technologies [18][20][24]. - The intelligent factory projects have shown significant improvements in productivity and efficiency, with examples such as SANY Heavy Industry achieving a fourfold increase in per capita output [20][22]. 3. Representative Fields and Distribution of New Productive Forces - The report highlights the industrial humanoid robots, industrial 3D printers, low-altitude economic drones, AGV intelligent logistics, and high-precision military products as key sectors driving the mechanical industry's future growth [28][29][39]. - The market for industrial humanoid robots is expected to grow significantly, with projections indicating a global market size of $38 billion by 2030, driven by advancements in AI and robotics [38]. 4. Impact of Technological Factors on Credit Quality in the Mechanical Industry - Technological investments are expected to enhance credit quality in the long term, with pathways including improved market share, cash flow stability, and asset value enhancement [79][82]. - The report presents a quantitative analysis showing that the average total factor productivity (TFP) growth rate in the mechanical industry is 1.78%, indicating a shift towards new productive forces [82][84]. 5. Trends in Credit Quality in the Mechanical Industry - The overall credit quality of the mechanical industry is improving, with significant differentiation among companies during the transition period [91]. - New productive forces are associated with high growth and high added value, leading to enhanced credit quality through improvements in cost structure, profit margins, and market responsiveness [91].
亚太视角看中国|韩国之鉴:如何走出债务危机?
野村东方国际证券· 2025-03-28 10:03
Group 1 - The core viewpoint emphasizes that South Korea's experience shows that there are multiple paths to recovery from balance sheet recessions, not just the "Japanization" route [2] - South Korea's aggressive capital investment strategy during the 1997 financial crisis led to near bankruptcy for both enterprises and households, but the country managed to achieve around 4% real GDP growth over the next 20 years [2] - The article summarizes five key lessons from South Korea's development experience, highlighting that decisive debt reduction and stimulating corporate capital investment are effective ways to address balance sheet recessions [2][4] Group 2 - The need for foreign policy to prioritize exports is emphasized, suggesting that maximizing commercial value may require a diplomatic focus on economic development and export-oriented strategies [3] - The heavy capital investment model must be paired with effective export value-added upgrades, as South Korea's post-crisis growth was driven by capital investment and improvements in total factor productivity [4] - The article notes that while the global trade environment has shifted, East Asian economies can still maintain competitive advantages in overseas markets by aligning trade and growth-oriented foreign policies [5] Group 3 - It is crucial to balance profit margins and total factor productivity under a development-first strategy, as sustainable growth may depend more on maintaining productivity rather than merely accumulating resources and capital [6] - The article suggests that in a multipolar environment, balancing scale and profitability may be a more suitable strategy for China's development, as solely pursuing scale can lead to low returns on investment and sustainability issues [6]
亚太视角看中国|韩国之鉴:如何走出债务危机?
野村东方国际证券· 2025-03-28 10:03
坏账的问题并非仅在坏账本身,若坏账制约了社会资本投入的意愿,那么将导致更严重的后果。韩国 在IMF等国际机构的协助下仅在3年时间内快速出清了坏账和债务问题,并未对全社会的资本投入意愿 产生强烈的疤痕效应。我们看到在债务危机发生后,韩国社会举债意愿仍较高,居民和企业杠杆率持 续增长。 外交政策需向出口优先倾斜。 若需寻求最大化商业价值,可能需要出口国的外交政策更多考虑经济发展和出口优先的战略诉求。 重资本投入模式需配合有效的出口附加值升级。 由于劳动力红利的退坡,韩国在债务危机后的发展更多由资本投入和全要素生产率的改善所带动。虽 然在全球贸易环境变革之后,伴随全球贸易环境从此前注重发挥各个国家比较优势的效率优先,转向 对等贸易的均衡优先,上述这种重资本投入的模式可能越发显得难以为继。但伴随有效的出口升级, 国家意志所加速的产业升级容易在重资本行业快速积累壁垒和经营优势。东亚模式经济体在高速增长 期因低汇率和低人工成本更易获得海外扩张,而在贸易摩擦和人口红利退坡后这种优势难以维系。韩 国的经验显示,配合贸易和增长优先的外交政策,东亚经济体可以在转型期依然获得商品的海外竞争 优势。 韩国的经验显示,当东亚经济体陷入 ...
AI革命如何影响中国经济?
中信证券研究· 2025-03-24 00:12
文 | 杨帆 许英博 玛西高娃 陈俊云 廖原 王希明 李想 短期来看,AI革命主要通过资本开支扩大拉动宏观总需求。美国2 0 2 3年下半年AI相关资本开支爆发式增长,预计2 0 2 5年美国四大云厂商资本开 支增量为8 6 1亿美元,约占美国GDP的0 . 3%。De e pSe e k出现后,国内大厂加大AI资本开支,阿里已率先宣布未来三年投入超过过去十年。我们 预计2 0 2 5年国内代表性厂商资本开支合计增量1 4 9 8亿元,约占GDP的0 . 11%。在乐观/悲观预期下,增量分别2 1 4 4 / 8 2 2亿元,分别约占GDP的 0 . 1 5%/ 0 . 0 6%。本轮AI资本开支规模可能类似于2 0 2 1 - 2 0 2 2年的新能源资本开支水平,成为传统经济周期的额外拉动因素,并逐步提升其他行 业的生产效率。中长期来看,根据过去几轮技术革命经验,AI革命有望通过提高全要素生产率的方式提振1 - 2%的经济增速,但可能降低单位 GDP增长提供的就业岗位数量。行业维度上,我们用AI渗透度和AI弹性两个维度尝试刻画各个行业的受益程度,信息、教育、金融、制造和大 健康或是受益最多的行业。 ▍ 美 ...
正视“有效需求”的矛盾,需尽快对冲当前反馈
付鹏的财经世界· 2024-09-11 00:11
导读 在促进生产力的提升来实现长期的经济增长的长期解决方案的同时,也需要重视当前 的有效需求不足的核心矛盾,平衡短期矛盾和长期方案,等待全新结构调整能够带来的新 动能,这阶段的"阵痛"和"平衡",都需要时间去化解和等待; ---付鹏 东北证券首席经济学家 都开始正视"有效需求不足"的问题 在最近的 "应对变化的世界"为主题的第六届外滩金融峰会上,国 内经济再次成为讨论的热点,其中感受最深的就是当前关于需求侧 的问题不再像以前那样被避讳。正如央行前行长易纲在峰会上表示:"中国面临内需疲软的问题,尤其是在消费和投资方面"。 " 有效需求不足"的问题其实就是供需曲线的失衡,供应和需求就是天平两端,当然当前相比于供给端(过剩)来说,目前需求端的不 足的可能更加突出。正如 中国社会科学院学部委员、浦山基金会理事长 余永定余老所言"如果有效需求的问题能够得以解决,那么产能过 剩问题就不存在",当前最需要面对的 问题是"有效需求不足" ; 高善文博士也点出了"中国经济总需求不足的局面,仍然相对比较突出。总需求进一步减弱的风险,可能是今年三季度到四季度的主导 性风险",几乎大家都将关注点集中到了"有效需求不足"这个当前迫切需 ...