黑色产业日报 简要观点 ◆ 螺纹钢 周二，螺纹钢期货价格冲高回落，杭州中天螺纹钢 3200 元/吨，较前一 日持平，10 合约基差 121（+3）。宏观政策方面，5 月 7 日，三部门发 布一揽子金融政策稳市场稳预期，货币政策利多落地，不过市场仍在期 待财政政策发力，中美会谈成果超预期，双方大幅互降关税，市场预期 改善；产业方面，上周螺纹钢产量、表需双降，库存小幅累积，供需格局 有转差迹象，当然也有五一假期因素影响，需求是否已经开始季节性回 落还需进一步观察。后市而言：估值方面，螺纹钢期货价格仍低于电炉 谷电成本，静态估值处于偏低水平；驱动方面，政策端，中美贸易环境改 善，短期国内出台大规模财政刺激政策概率较小，产业端，现实供需尚 可，但需求仍面临季节性下滑压力，关注需求变化，低估值背景下，预计 价格震荡运行。(数据来源：同花顺 iFinD，Mysteel) ◆ 铁矿石 周二，中美会谈成果营造良好预期，盘面向上回调。现货方面，青岛港 PB 粉 765 元/湿吨（-5）。普氏 62%指数 101.25 美元/吨（+2.65）， 月均 98.86 美元/吨。PBF 基差 95 元/吨（-1）。供给端：最新澳洲巴西 ...

国际投行如何看待中美关税变化？这对中国、美国的经济和货币、财政政策又有什么影响？ 中美经贸高层会谈取得实质性进展，此次会谈的举行是中美经贸关系的一个积极动向，为后续沟通与谈 判奠定了基础。全球股市大涨，美股已经回到了技术性牛市区间，纳斯达克指数从4月低点到现在的涨 幅已达27%，而恒生科技股指数也在12日大涨5%。 国际投行如何看待中美关税变化？这对中国、美国的经济和货币、财政政策又有什么影响？ 对此，第一财经整理了高盛、摩根士丹利、瑞银、澳新等国际投行的最新观点，以及部分投行交易台交 易员关注到的一线交易变化。 摩根士丹利：比市场预期更快、幅度更深 摩根士丹利方面发给第一财经的邮件显示，该机构认为，中美经贸高层会谈取得实质性进展的速度比市 场预期更快，程度也更深。 该机构认为，从对抗转向有序谈判的初步迹象显现，即双方同意建立一个常设磋商机制，该机制由中国 国务院副总理何立峰、美国财政部长贝森特以及美国贸易代表格里尔牵头。 就关税变化对宏观经济的影响而言，摩根士丹利认为中国GDP或有超出此前该机构预测的可能性。关税 暂停让双方从近乎双边贸易暂停的局面中得到了缓解。虽然关税水平仍较高，但暂停期可能会促使货物 提 ...

黑色产业日报 简要观点 ◆ 螺纹钢 周一，螺纹钢期货价格大幅反弹，杭州中天螺纹钢 3200 元/吨，较前一 日上涨 50 元/吨，10 合约基差 118（-10），中美会谈成果超预期，双 方大幅互降关税，市场预期明显好转。国内政策方面，5 月 7 日，三部 门发布一揽子金融政策稳市场稳预期，货币政策利多落地，不过盘面高 开低走，市场仍在期待财政政策发力；产业方面，上周螺纹钢产量、表需 双降，库存小幅累积，供需格局有转差迹象，当然也有五一假期因素影 响，需求是否已经开始季节性回落还需进一步观察。后市而言：估值方 面，螺纹钢期货价格仍低于电炉谷电成本，静态估值处于偏低水平；驱 动方面，政策端，中美贸易环境改善，短期国内出台大规模财政刺激政 策概率较小，产业端，现实供需尚可，但需求仍面临季节性下滑压力，关 注需求变化，低估值背景下，预计价格震荡运行。(数据来源：同花顺 iFinD，Mysteel) 产业服务总部 黑色产业团队 2025/5/13 公司资质 长江期货股份有限公司交易咨询业 务资格：鄂证监期货字[2014]1 号 研究员 张佩云 ◆ 铁矿石 周一，中美会谈成果营造良好预期，盘面向上回调。供给方面，全球发 ...

中金研究 中美会谈取得实质性进展，宣布缓解对彼此商品加征的关税。会谈结果好于预期，市场风险偏好明 显回升。短期来看，关税对于美国主要是供给冲击，对于中国主要是需求冲击，经贸会谈结果意味 着美国供给冲击缓解，中国需求冲击减弱。我们测算显示，最新美国有效关税率将从此前的28.4%下 降至15.5%，美国滞胀风险降低。最新关税下，中国出口下行风险得到较大缓解，后续中国国内经济 走势主要看宏观政策力度，尤其是财政政策力度。 点击小程序查看报告原文 北京时间5月12日下午3点，中美双方同步发表《中美日内瓦经贸会谈联合声明》[1] [2]。 根据声明内 容，自5月14日起，双方将仅保留对彼此商品加征的10%关税，暂停执行此前加征的24%关税，为期90 天，其余对等关税则全部取消。不过，今年2月和3月美国以芬太尼问题为由对中方额外征收的累计20% 关税并不在此次协议范围内。这意味着在协议实施后，美国对中国商品的关税将从145%降至30%，中 国对美国商品的关税则将从125%降至10%[3]。美国财政部长贝森特在记者会上表示，双方都不希望脱 钩，"我们都希望实现贸易平衡，美国将持续朝这一方向努力"[4]。根据声明，我们测算 ...

Group 1 - The core viewpoint of the article is that the recent Central Political Bureau meeting emphasizes accelerating the issuance and utilization of local government special bonds and ultra-long-term special treasury bonds, indicating that speeding up fiscal expenditure is a key focus of current fiscal policy implementation [1] Group 2 - Experts believe that the pace of new special bond issuance may accelerate, and the number of ultra-long-term special treasury bond issuances has been determined, which may moderately increase the single issuance quota for May and June [1] - Liu Yu, chief economist at Huaxi Securities, suggests that the acceleration of fiscal spending is crucial for the current economic environment [1]

Group 1 - The central government has emphasized the need for more proactive fiscal policies and moderately loose monetary policies, with the People's Bank of China (PBOC) announcing a series of measures including interest rate cuts and reserve requirement ratio (RRR) reductions [2][5] - The PBOC's recent report indicates that monetary policy will continue to support the economy, focusing on implementation and effectiveness evaluation [2][5] - The report highlights the need for increased counter-cyclical adjustments due to external uncertainties affecting exports, particularly from U.S. tariff policies [3][4] Group 2 - The government is accelerating the issuance of special bonds and long-term treasury bonds to support fiscal policy, with a planned issuance of 1.3 trillion yuan in special bonds [4] - The PBOC aims to ensure sufficient liquidity in the market to support these fiscal measures, indicating a continued loose monetary environment [6][7] - The report outlines specific policy tools to support sectors such as technology finance, green finance, and small and micro enterprises, with a total of 1.1 trillion yuan in new funding [7] Group 3 - The PBOC is maintaining a focus on the stability of the financial markets, particularly in the context of recent fluctuations in the international financial markets due to U.S. trade policies [4][8] - The report emphasizes the importance of a balanced approach between supporting the real economy and maintaining the health of the banking system, reflecting concerns over banks' net interest margins [5][9] - The PBOC's assessment of government debt sustainability indicates that China's fiscal policy still has room for expansion, supporting the notion of continued monetary easing [10] Group 4 - The report expands its focus to include various economic indicators, such as the evolution of medium-term lending facilities (MLF) and the sustainability of government debt, reflecting a comprehensive approach to monetary policy [9][10] - The PBOC acknowledges the current low inflation environment and the need for policies that stimulate effective demand while managing supply-side constraints [10][11] - The overall strategy involves deepening structural reforms and coordinating various policy measures to achieve a balance between supply and demand, while fostering a conducive environment for reasonable price recovery [11]

晨会纪要（2025/05/12） 编辑人 崔健 022-28451618 SAC NO：S1150511010016 cuijian@bhzq.com 渤海证券研究所晨会纪要（2025.05.12） 宏观及策略研究 情绪波动后的基本面博弈——2025 年 5 月宏观经济月报 固定收益研究 双降落地后，债市或回归基本面交易――利率债 5 月投资策略展望 行业研究 秘鲁安塔米拉铜矿停工，欧盟拟改变电车关税政策 ——金属行业 5 月投资策 略展望 轻工纺服一季度业绩均有承压，后续关注内需政策发力——轻工制造&纺织 服饰行业 2024 年年报&2025 年一季报业绩综述 证 券 研 究 报 告 晨 会 纪 请务必阅读正文之后的声明 渤海证券股份有限公司具备证券投资咨询业务资格 1 of 7 要 晨会纪要（2025/05/12） 宏观及策略研究 情绪波动后的基本面博弈——2025 年 5 月宏观经济月报 周 喜（证券分析师，SAC NO：S1150511010017） 宋亦威（证券分析师，SAC NO：S1150514080001） 严佩佩（证券分析师，SAC NO：S1150520110001） 靳沛芃（研究助理，S ...

Core Viewpoint - The current trend of the RMB exchange rate, with a slight appreciation in financial rates and a significant depreciation in trade rates, is deemed appropriate for stabilizing cross-border capital flows and promoting exports [2]. Group 1: RMB Exchange Rate Characteristics - The RMB experienced a sudden depreciation shock due to increased tariffs, with the onshore rate touching 7.35 and offshore rate reaching 7.4295 in early April [4]. - Despite a significant depreciation of the USD by over 9% from the beginning of the year to April 21, the RMB only appreciated by 0.8% onshore and 1.3% offshore, indicating unexpected stability [5]. - The onshore and offshore markets have shown good linkage, with a minimal average difference of only 3 basis points, which supports exchange rate stability [5]. - The RMB trade rate has depreciated significantly, with the CFETS index down 5.2% and the BIS currency basket down 4.8%, while the financial rate against the USD only appreciated by 0.5% [5]. Group 2: Factors Influencing RMB Exchange Rate - Key factors affecting the RMB exchange rate include tariffs and trade surplus, with a notable trade surplus of 2.64 trillion yuan in the first four months of the year despite increased tariffs [6]. - The inverted yield curve between China and the US has been significant, with a current inversion of around 260 basis points, which is expected to persist due to differing monetary policies [6][8]. - Cross-border capital flows have remained stable, with a net inflow of 51.7 billion USD in the first quarter, supported by policies aimed at stabilizing asset prices [6]. - The exchange rate pricing mechanism has shown a systematic slight positive bias, which is crucial for stabilizing expectations [7]. - Foreign exchange reserves increased by over 40 billion USD in April, contributing positively to exchange rate stability [8]. - A proactive fiscal policy has been implemented, with a completion rate of 24.5% for the annual budget in the first quarter, which is higher than in previous years [8]. - The financial package announced on May 7 includes interest rate cuts and liquidity releases, which are aimed at stabilizing asset prices and cross-border capital flows [8]. Group 3: Future Outlook and Policy Responses - Future RMB exchange rate movements will be influenced by US tariffs and interest rates, with a focus on economic fundamentals [9]. - If the US economy faces significant pressure and interest rates are cut substantially, the RMB may experience upward pressure [10]. - Maintaining stability in the RMB/USD exchange rate is crucial for managing uncertainties and supporting exports, while also ensuring stable cross-border capital flows [10].

Group 1: CPI Analysis - In April, the national Consumer Price Index (CPI) decreased by 0.1% year-on-year, slightly better than the market expectation of a 0.15% decline[1] - The average CPI from January to April showed a year-on-year decrease of 0.1%[1] - April's food prices fell by 0.2% year-on-year, while non-food prices remained stable[5] Group 2: PPI Analysis - The Producer Price Index (PPI) in April dropped by 2.7% year-on-year, slightly better than the expected 2.8% decline[10] - Production material prices decreased by 3.1%, contributing approximately 2.28 percentage points to the overall PPI decline[10] - The mining industry saw a significant year-on-year price drop of 9.4% in April[10] Group 3: Monthly Trends - In April, the CPI increased by 0.1% month-on-month, reversing a previous decline of 0.4%[6] - Core CPI rose by 0.2% month-on-month, indicating slight inflation outside of volatile food and energy prices[6] - The prices of domestic gold jewelry surged by 10.1% month-on-month, impacting the CPI by approximately 0.06 percentage points[6] Group 4: Monetary Policy Implications - The central bank announced a reserve requirement ratio cut and interest rate reduction on May 7, aiming to lower the Loan Prime Rate (LPR) by about 0.1 percentage points[4] - The central bank's first-quarter report emphasized the importance of promoting reasonable price recovery as a key monetary policy consideration[4] - Current economic conditions suggest increased difficulty in achieving expected price targets, necessitating more fiscal policy support[4]

Core Insights - In April, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) showed a month-on-month increase of 0.1%, reversing a previous decline of 0.4%, while the year-on-year CPI decreased by 0.1% [2] - The Producer Price Index (PPI) recorded a year-on-year decline of 2.7%, slightly better than market expectations, with a month-on-month decrease of 0.4% [2][4] CPI Analysis - The month-on-month CPI increase was primarily driven by a rebound in food and travel service prices, exceeding seasonal levels by 0.2 percentage points [2][4] - Year-on-year, energy prices fell by 4.8%, with gasoline prices dropping by 10.4%, contributing approximately 0.38 percentage points to the CPI decline [4][5] - Core CPI, excluding food and energy, rose by 0.5%, indicating stable inflation in essential goods [4][5] PPI Analysis - The PPI's month-on-month decline was influenced by international factors, particularly falling crude oil prices, which affected domestic oil-related industries [7] - The coal mining and processing sectors also saw a seasonal decline in prices, contributing to the overall PPI decrease [7] - Despite current pressures, there are expectations for a potential rebound in PPI due to targeted policies aimed at boosting demand in real estate and consumption [7][8] Policy Implications - The government is expected to maintain a loose monetary policy into 2025, with potential room for a 50 basis point reserve requirement ratio cut and a 20 basis point interest rate reduction [3] - Policies focusing on increasing income for low- and middle-income groups and promoting service consumption are anticipated to support stable price levels [6] - The ongoing implementation of macroeconomic policies is expected to enhance domestic demand, particularly in technology, consumption, and foreign trade sectors [6][8]