证券研究报告：宏观报告 发布时间：2025-04-16 研究所 分析师:袁野 SAC 登记编号:S1340523010002 Email:yuanye@cnpsec.com 研究助理:苑西恒 SAC 登记编号:S1340124020005 Email:yuanxiheng@cnpsec.com 近期研究报告 《出口可能出现的变化及应对》 - 2025.04.07 宏观研究 抢出口叠加低基数效应推升出口超预期 核心观点 以美元计价，3 月出口增速保持较高韧性，好于预期和季节性水 平；从国别来看，我国对东盟、欧盟、美国的出口保持韧性是支撑出 口超预期的主要原因。我们理解，虽然 2 月和 3 月美国对我国加征 20%关税落地，但市场基于美国"对等关税"的不确定性，短期仍存在 "抢出口"行为，同时叠加我国出口商品相对价格优势，支撑我国出 口韧性。 站在当前时点，向后看：（1）展望 4 月出口，因所谓的"对等关 税"已经落地，显著超市场预期，全球贸易体系面临重构风险，"抢出 口"或已结束，我国出口或面临较为显著压力，4 月我国出口增速或 回落至-3%左右。（2）年内看，出口有望实现正增长。一是关注美国是 否基于自身经济 ...

核心观 点 1 、一季度我国出口累计同比高达 5.8% （其中东盟拉动 1.4% ，拉美拉动 0.7%, 美国拉动 0.6% ） ， 基本与去年全年增速持平，显示我国出口在外部困难挑战增 多的情况下，韧性十足。近期，美国政府滥施关税，不可避免地对全球包括中美在内的贸易造成负面影响。后续对出口跟踪可能主要沿三条脉络 ： 1 ） "抢出 口"的变化。或可跟踪周频指标"我国监测港口集装箱吞吐量"， 4 月第二周环比有所回落。 2 ） 美国进口需求冲击。或可跟踪三个高频指标。目前最新至 4 月第一 周的数据或尚未看到快速回落迹象。 3 ） "新三大伙伴"的拉动。一季度新三大伙伴（俄罗斯、非洲、中西亚）拉动出口同比 1.1 个点。若后续维持，则或可部分 对冲其他地区受关税冲击的出口下滑。 2、进口方面，一季度美元计价累计同比-7%，受多个因素影响， 其中 国际大宗价格下跌，工作日减少等约可解释77%。 此外，我们提示关注"硬科技进口映 射"——自动数据处理设备及其零部件， 一季度进口同比高达83.7%，拉动1.7个百分点。 报告摘要 文 ： 华创证券研究所副所长 、首席宏观分析师 张瑜（执业证号：S0360518090 ...

以下文章来源于申万宏源宏观 ，作者赵伟 屠强等 申万宏源宏观 . 申万宏源证券研究所 | 宏观研究部 作者： 赵伟 申万宏源证券首席经济学家 屠强 资深高级宏观分析师 联系人： 屠强、浦聚颖、耿佩璇 摘要 事件： 4月14日，海关公布3月进出口数据，出口（美元计价）同比12.4%、预期3.5%、前值2.3%；进口 （美元计价）同比-4.3%、预期-4.3%、前值-8.4%。 展望4月，关税冲击落地以及春节错位扰动消退后，出口增速读数或有所回落。 4月13日的港口货运吞吐 量同比下滑10.6%，显示"对等关税"压力已显现。此外，春节错位对出口的支撑作用将在4月消散。然 而，仍需密切关注"抢出口"现象。一方面，豁免清单的不确定性依然存在。4月10日公布的消费电子豁免 清单虽在短期内缓解了关税压力，但该豁免措施具有临时性，未来两个月或将出台新的特定税率。另一 方面，特朗普政府对新兴经济体的关税暂停措施也仅为90天，同样存在不确定性。在上述两个因素的共 同作用下，短期内，企业的"抢出口"行为将进一步加剧。 常规跟踪：出口大幅回升，进口继续走弱 出口商品：消费品出口分化， 3月自动数据处理设备（-20.6pct至2.3 ...

2025年04月15日 二次抢出口正在孕育,但更陡峭下滑风险亦增 -- 国际贸易数据点评(2025.3) 团队成员 周欣然(S0210525040005) 投资要点: > 别除春节提前导致的3月偏强效应,3月出口同比约5.7%,显著低于抢出口 集中的2月。美国关税局部缓和但仍旨在隔离我国供给,我国出口仍然面临较大 不确定性。3月出口(美元计价,下同)同比12.4%,较2月反弹达15.4个百分点, 但主要原因是春节提前导致的3月偏强效应。由于春节提前至1月,节后复工和出 口恢复期集中于2月,从而令3月出口同比错位性暂时走强。甚于我们团队率先构 建的出口春节调整定量模型,剔除这一暂时性因素后,3月出口同比5.7%,转而 显著低于2月达7.8个百分点。这显示出特朗普前期分两次加码对华加征关税至 20%所引发的首轮"抢出口"效应已经有所衰减。3月进口同比-4.3%,较2月下滑 5.8个百分点,当月货物贸易顺差达 1026亿美元。4月以来,特朗普关税计划一方 面日益凸显对华针对性,另一方面亦暴露出产业链向美国回流的巨大成本掣肘。全 球产业链"极限拉扯"过程中,出口面临短期震荡、长期走弱的巨大不确定性。 > 本轮"抢出口 ...

宏 观 研 究 2025 年 04 月 15 日 二次抢出口正在孕育，但更陡峭下滑风险亦增 ——国际贸易数据点评（2025.3） 投资要点： 宏 观 点 评 剔除春节提前导致的 3 月偏强效应，3 月出口同比约 5.7%，显著低于抢出口 集中的 2 月。美国关税局部缓和但仍旨在隔离我国供给，我国出口仍然面临较大 不确定性。3 月出口（美元计价，下同）同比 12.4%，较 2 月反弹达 15.4 个百分点， 但主要原因是春节提前导致的 3 月偏强效应。由于春节提前至 1 月，节后复工和出 口恢复期集中于 2 月，从而令 3 月出口同比错位性暂时走强。基于我们团队率先构 建的出口春节调整定量模型，剔除这一暂时性因素后，3 月出口同比 5.7%，转而 显著低于 2 月达 7.8 个百分点。这显示出特朗普前期分两次加码对华加征关税至 20%所引发的首轮"抢出口"效应已经有所衰减。3 月进口同比-4.3%，较 2 月下滑 5.8 个百分点，当月货物贸易顺差达 1026 亿美元。4 月以来，特朗普关税计划一方 面日益凸显对华针对性，另一方面亦暴露出产业链向美国回流的巨大成本掣肘。全 球产业链"极限拉扯"过程中，出口面临短 ...

Core Viewpoint - China's exports in March recorded a year-on-year growth rate of 12.4%, significantly rebounding over 10 percentage points compared to January-February, indicating strong export performance [1][2][15] Export Performance - The increase in exports is primarily driven by a low base effect from the previous year, "export rush," and the early timing of the Spring Festival [1][2][15] - The quantity of exports has increased, while prices have exerted a drag on growth [4][11] - Exports to emerging markets have shown higher growth rates, with significant increases in machinery and mobile phones, while household appliances and labor-intensive goods have benefited from the export rush [1][6][9] Regional Analysis - Exports to Africa surged by 37.5%, Latin America by 23.3%, and countries along the Belt and Road by 15.1%, all exceeding 10 percentage points [6] - Exports to developed economies, such as the U.S. and EU, also increased but at a lower rate compared to emerging markets [6] Product Category Insights - Labor-intensive products, including footwear and textiles, saw significant increases in export growth, with footwear at 10%, clothing at 9.3%, and textiles at 16.5% [9] - In the machinery sector, exports of lighting devices increased by 24.3%, while general machinery and auto parts also saw growth exceeding 10 percentage points [9] Import Trends - China's imports in March recorded a year-on-year decline of 4.3%, but this was an improvement of over 4 percentage points compared to January-February [11] - Imports from major trading partners, except for the EU and the U.S., showed varying degrees of increase, with ASEAN seeing a notable rise of 10% [11][13] Trade Balance - The trade surplus in March was $102.64 billion, a decrease of $67.88 billion compared to January-February [15] - The overall export trend is expected to decline as the impact of tariffs becomes more pronounced, with potential for a bottoming out by mid-year [15]

Export Data Overview - In March 2025, China's exports increased by 12.4% year-on-year, significantly exceeding the expected 3.5% and reversing the previous month's decline of -3%[3] - Imports in March 2025 decreased by 4.3% year-on-year, aligning with expectations and contrasting with a 1.5% increase in the previous month[3] Factors Influencing Export Performance - The primary driver for the March export surge was seasonal effects, as early Spring and a low base from the previous year contributed to higher year-on-year figures[3] - "Rush exports" occurred ahead of tariff increases, with significant contributions from ASEAN, Latin America, and Africa, collectively boosting exports by 4.8 percentage points[3] Future Export Trends - Export growth is expected to decline in Q2 2025, potentially falling between -5% to -10% year-on-year due to the impact of tariff escalations and weakening external demand[4] - Recent logistics data indicates a significant drop in port cargo volumes, suggesting a slowdown in export activity[4] Potential Upside Factors - Signals of tariff exemptions may provide some relief, with an estimated $100 billion worth of products eligible for exemptions, potentially easing export pressures[5] - Continued "rush exports" and shifts in trade patterns towards ASEAN and other regions may sustain some export momentum[5] Risks and Policy Responses - The government is likely to implement policies aimed at mitigating employment risks due to external shocks, focusing on high-tech manufacturing sectors with significant export exposure to the U.S.[7] - If tariffs are enforced as planned, the direct impact on foreign trade revenues could exceed 1.2 trillion yuan for affected industries[7]

作者：张云杰 陶川 如我们在前期报告《 关税下出口：已知压力和未知风险 》中所指出的， 3 月还观察不到出口的下行压力，"早春"、低基数等因素将推高 当月出口同比。 但在关税升级后，后续出口将进入"新范式"。 如何看待出口的已知变化和未知风险？我们围绕以下四个问题展开回答： Q ： 3 月出口大超预期，源自哪些因素？ A ："季节性"脉冲是核心原因。 基于历史经验，春节时点靠前往往会压低 1-2 月出口、抬高 3 月出口表现（可参照 2006 、 2014 、 2017 年等春节时点与今年相近的年份， 3 月出口环比均为历史较高水平）。 今年不仅是"早春"，而且和去年形成"错位"（ 2024 年恰好是"晚 春"， 3 月出口环比较低），这些因素共同放大了 3 月出口同比读数。 从实际数据看， 3 月出口环比略高于"季节性"水平。 其次，"对等关税"落地前夕，出现了一部分"抢出口"需求。 这一因素可能解释了 3 月出口好于"季节性"的这部分。 一方面， 3 月外需是边际回落的，全球制造业 PMI 较上月下滑 0.3 个百分点至 50.3% 。 另一方面， 从国别上看，主要是对一些"转口"贸易区域的出口增速大幅反 ...

Economic Recovery - In January-February, the revenue of industrial enterprises increased by 2.8% year-on-year, up by 0.7 percentage points compared to the entire year of 2024[4] - The profits of industrial enterprises decreased by 0.3% year-on-year, but this is an improvement of 3 percentage points compared to the entire year of 2024[4] - The manufacturing PMI for March was 50.5, a rise of 0.3 percentage points from the previous month, marking a nearly one-year high[6] Trade and Tariff Impact - The ongoing increase in U.S. tariffs has extended the "export rush" effect, supporting inventory replenishment and order increases for enterprises[2] - The upcoming U.S. tariff investigation results are expected to significantly impact global trade order and suppress market risk appetite[11] - The U.S. economy continues to weaken, with the Markit manufacturing PMI dropping to 49.8 in March, indicating a contraction[18] Market Trends - The equity market has seen a shift in style, with technology stocks experiencing notable adjustments and a reduction in trading volume, indicating a convergence of market divergence[2] - Risk appetite in the market is declining, with gold prices expected to remain high due to geopolitical uncertainties and economic cooling in the U.S.[22] - The performance of dividend and consumer sectors has been relatively strong as investors seek opportunities outside of technology stocks[11]

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the current state of China's export market, particularly focusing on the "rush to export" phenomenon and its potential continuation or conclusion in light of recent trade dynamics and economic conditions [2][3][4]. Export Performance - In January-February, China's dollar-denominated exports grew by 2.3% year-on-year, a decline from 9.9% in the previous quarter, primarily due to temporary factors such as fewer working days and the early timing of the Spring Festival [2][3]. - Exports to Russia, South Korea, and Africa decreased by 10.9%, 2.6%, and 0.2% respectively, while exports to the U.S. and transshipment trade remained relatively strong [3]. "Rush to Export" Analysis - The article questions whether the "rush to export" has ended and explores its potential duration. Historical context from 2018-2019 indicates that the onset of trade tensions led to significant export activity as U.S. companies sought to stockpile goods [6][11]. - The current "rush to export" is expected to be shorter and less intense than in previous trade conflicts, with an estimated duration of around 6 months due to higher initial inventory levels and rapid implementation of tariffs [11][12]. Inventory Dynamics - The article highlights that the passive inventory replenishment observed in U.S. manufacturers and wholesalers is influenced by the current economic climate, with certain sectors like electrical and electronic products showing significant room for inventory buildup [12][13]. - The inventory-to-sales ratios for various durable goods indicate that while some sectors are experiencing high sales growth, their inventory levels are relatively low, suggesting ongoing demand for exports from China [13]. Future Outlook - The article anticipates that China's export growth may rebound after temporary factors subside, with expectations of sustained resilience in export performance through the first half of the year [4][10]. - However, potential risks such as further tariff increases or unexpected downturns in the U.S. economy could impact future export trends [11].