证券研究报告 | 固收定期报告 | | --- | hyzqdatemark 2025 年 09 月 16 日 8 月数据承压，下半年降准降息可能性上升 ——2025 年 8 月经济数据点评 证券分析师 廖志明 SAC：S1350524100002 liaozhiming@huayuanstock.com 马赫 mahe@huayuanstock.com 请务必仔细阅读正文之后的评级说明和重要声明 7 月和 8 月经济数据承压，25Q3 经济整体增速或放缓，下半年降准降息可能性上升。 联系人 8 月消费增速持续回落，服务消费和线上消费表现突出。8 月社会消费品零售总额 4.0 万亿元，同比+3.4%，较上月-0.3pct，已连续三个月回落。1-8 月社会消费品零 售总额同比+4.6%，较 1-7 月-0.2pct。分项看，1-8 月商品零售额和服务零售额同 比分别+4.8%/+5.1%，较 1-7 月分别-0.1pct/-0.1pct。往后看，24 年 9 月至 12 月 单月社零平均同比增速为 3.7%，较 24 年 1-8 月社零累计同比+0.28pct，25 年接下 来四个月消费数据面临更高的基数，或持 ...

Consumption - Retail sales growth continued to slow, with August year-on-year growth down 0.3 percentage points to 3.4%[2] - The multiplier effect of the "trade-in" policy for consumer goods may decline by 23%-32%, from 8.7 times to 5.9-6.7 times[2][18] Production - Industrial production in August increased by 5.2% year-on-year, a decrease of 0.5 percentage points from the previous value[3] - Service sector production weakened slightly, down 0.2 percentage points to 5.6% year-on-year in August[3][21] Fixed Asset Investment - Real estate investment fell by 12.9% year-on-year in August, with a monthly decline of 19.5%[4][22] - Manufacturing investment decreased by 1.1 percentage points to 5.1%, marking five consecutive months of slowdown[4][27] Economic Outlook - Internal demand pressure is increasing, with expectations of policy support in Q4 to counteract economic slowdown[5][35] - Potential policy measures may include interest rate cuts, a 500 billion yuan policy financial tool, and support for service consumption and real estate[5][35] Risks - Risks include potential policy changes that may be less than expected and the possibility of an unexpected recession in the U.S. economy[6][36]

Economic Performance - In August, China's retail sales growth declined to 3.4%, down from 3.7% in July and below the expected 3.8%[2] - Fixed asset investment growth fell significantly by 1.1 percentage points to 0.5%, much lower than the expected 1.5%[3] - Industrial production growth decreased to 5.2%, down 0.5 percentage points from July and below the market expectation of 5.6%[5] Sector-Specific Insights - Real estate development investment fell by 0.9 percentage points to -12.9%, again weaker than the expected -12.5%[3] - Retail sales of home appliances dropped sharply to 14.3% in August from 28.7% in July, indicating a significant slowdown in consumer spending[2] - The automotive retail sales growth increased to 0.8%, up 2.3 percentage points, benefiting from a low base last year[2] Policy Expectations - Incremental policy support is anticipated to be introduced by the end of September, particularly in fiscal policy to improve infrastructure investment[1][8] - A potential 50 basis points reserve requirement ratio cut and a 10-20 basis points interest rate cut are still expected this year, although the timing may be delayed due to recent market movements[12] - The introduction of new policy financial tools and early allocation of local government debt quotas are expected to support infrastructure investment[10] External Trade Dynamics - Export growth fell by 2.8 percentage points to 4.4%, weaker than market expectations, with exports to the US continuing to decline[7] - Exports to ASEAN countries increased significantly by 5.9 percentage points to 22.5%, partially offsetting the decline in US exports[7] Labor Market Conditions - The urban unemployment rate rose by 0.1 percentage points to 5.3%, exceeding the expected 5.2%[5]

Group 1: Market Overview - The market experienced narrow fluctuations in the first half of the week, followed by a rebound attempt, but faced a pullback on Friday, with an average daily trading volume of approximately 23,264 billion [1] - Growth stocks outperformed value stocks, with a relatively balanced performance between large-cap and small-cap stocks; sectors such as electronics, real estate, and agriculture saw significant gains, while banking, oil and gas, and pharmaceuticals faced declines [1] Group 2: Macroeconomic Analysis - Domestic macro data released last week indicated resilient domestic demand, although August exports showed signs of weakening compared to July, primarily due to declining U.S. import demand [2] - The core CPI in August continued to rise for four consecutive months, while PPI's year-on-year decline narrowed; however, CPI has remained below 1% for 30 months, and PPI has been negative for 35 months, indicating ongoing pressure on domestic demand [2] - The growth rate of social financing fell to around 8.8% in August, with strong fiscal support observed this year, suggesting limited room for further increases [2] Group 3: U.S. Economic Indicators - The U.S. CPI met expectations, but PPI significantly underperformed, and initial jobless claims unexpectedly surged, reinforcing expectations for interest rate cuts [3] - The upcoming September FOMC meeting is expected to price in rate cuts, with projections indicating 2 to 3 potential cuts by the end of the year [3] Group 4: Investment Strategy - The market is currently in a mid-cycle fluctuation phase, with expectations of upward movement but increased volatility; AI-related sectors remain a focal point for investment [4] - Despite potential external shocks, if market sentiment remains strong, indices are likely to stay in an upward trend, with short-term fluctuations providing reallocation opportunities [4] - A neutral outlook suggests that if macro and policy environments remain stable, the Shanghai Composite Index may experience narrow fluctuations until late October, with potential upward movement following the 20th National Congress [5]

Core Viewpoint - The People's Bank of China has implemented a series of monetary easing measures, including interest rate cuts and reserve requirement ratio reductions, to support economic growth amid a backdrop of stable M2 and social financing growth rates. Group 1: Monetary Policy - The People's Bank of China has continuously lowered the reserve requirement ratio and interest rates, resulting in a supportive monetary policy environment [1] - M2 and social financing growth rates have maintained a year-on-year increase of 8%-9%, indicating a broad monetary stance [1] - By the end of 2024, the ratios of social financing to GDP, M2 to GDP, and loans to GDP are projected to be 303%, 232%, and 190%, respectively, reflecting significant increases from 2017 [1] Group 2: Interest Rates and Lending - In May, the People's Bank of China introduced a comprehensive policy package that included further cuts to reserve requirements and interest rates [1] - As of August, the growth rates for social financing and M2 were both at 8.8%, notably higher than the nominal GDP growth rate during the same period [1] - Since 2020, the central bank has reduced policy rates nine times, leading to a decline in the 1-year and 5-year LPR by 115 and 130 basis points, respectively [1] Group 3: Loan Rates - In August, the weighted average interest rate for newly issued corporate loans was approximately 3.1%, down about 40 basis points from the previous year [1] - The weighted average interest rate for newly issued personal housing loans was also around 3.1%, which is 25 basis points lower than the same period last year [1]

Group 1 - A-shares have maintained a trading volume exceeding 1 trillion for 60 consecutive trading days, indicating a strong liquidity environment and a sentiment of "funds not easily falling" among fund managers [1] - The central bank's monetary policy stance has shifted to a more cautious approach, with no immediate urgency for further rate cuts or reserve requirement ratio reductions, as the GDP growth target for the year has been met [1][2] - The "national team" has adjusted its market intervention strategy, moving from aggressive support to a more balanced approach of "support and pressure," indicating a desire to stabilize market growth without excessive volatility [2][3] Group 2 - The shift in real estate policy towards quality improvement rather than expansion suggests that funds previously allocated to the property market may flow into the stock market, positioning A-shares as a new reservoir for household wealth [3] - The introduction of capital gains tax on overseas investments is likely to incentivize some funds to return to A-shares, as the tax burden on profits from foreign stock markets increases [4] - For A-shares to attract more new capital, improvements in market regulations and the introduction of reliable companies for listing are essential to ensure investors can achieve returns [4]

Group 1 - The article discusses the potential for a decrease in mortgage rates as various banks have recently lowered deposit rates, which may indirectly lead to lower loan rates [2][4][9] - Several small and medium-sized banks have reduced deposit rates by 10-20 basis points, following the lead of major commercial banks, to alleviate the pressure on net interest margins [4][5][12] - In major cities like Beijing and Shanghai, mortgage rates have reached historical lows, with first-home loan rates dropping to 3.05% [10][11][12] Group 2 - The article highlights the necessity for a reasonable reduction in interest rates due to ongoing pressure in the real estate market, with significant declines in sales figures reported [21][22][24] - The need for new stimulus policies is emphasized, as recent measures have not yet shown a significant impact on market recovery [21][23][24] - The article suggests that reducing the debt burden on residents could stimulate consumption, which is crucial for economic recovery [28][30][32] Group 3 - The article notes that external factors, such as potential interest rate cuts by the Federal Reserve, could provide more room for domestic monetary policy adjustments [34][37][39] - Recent global trends show other central banks, including those in the UK and Australia, have also lowered interest rates, which may influence China's monetary policy [39][40] - The article suggests that the current environment is conducive to further monetary easing, with signals indicating a possible shift towards lower rates [39][40][63] Group 4 - The article proposes that to effectively stimulate the real estate market, transaction costs should be reduced across the board, benefiting both new and second-hand housing markets [41][42][46] - It emphasizes the importance of addressing inventory issues in the real estate sector, as high inventory levels continue to hinder market liquidity [53][58][60] - The article suggests that government intervention, such as repurchasing existing homes for public use, could be an effective strategy to stabilize the market and reduce inventory [61][62][66]

Report Summary 1. Investment Rating The document does not mention the industry investment rating. 2. Core Views - Standing at the end of August and looking forward to September, investors are confused about the general direction of the bond market. The bullish sentiment has decreased, and operations have become more prudent. The capital market and the equity market are the core concerns of investors, and the preference for local bonds, high - grade urban investment bonds, and perpetual bonds has marginally weakened [1]. - Four mainstream expectations for the September bond market: concentrated expectations for the upper and lower limits of long - term treasury bond yields; decreased bullish sentiment in the bond market, more cautious operations, and an upward - moving interest rate oscillation center; changed overall expectations for the August economy, with increased expectations for reserve requirement ratio cuts and interest rate cuts; consistent preference for medium - and short - term interest - rate bonds and increased preference for convertible bonds [2]. 3. Summary by Directory 1. Investor Expectations are Divergent and Behavior is More Prudent - **Survey Overview**: A bond market questionnaire was released on August 26, 2025, and 114 valid questionnaires were received by August 28, covering various institutional and individual investors [9]. - **Long - term Treasury Bond Yield Expectations** - **10 - year Treasury Bonds**: 85% of investors think the lower limit of the 10 - year treasury bond yield is likely to be in the 1.65% - 1.75% range, and 51% think the upper limit is likely to be in the 1.80% - 1.85% range. Investors' expectations for an increase in the 10 - year treasury bond interest rate are gradually rising [11]. - **30 - year Treasury Bonds**: 41% of investors think the lower limit of the 30 - year treasury bond yield is likely to be in the 1.90% - 1.95% range, and 44% think the upper limit is likely to be in the 2.05% - 2.10% range. Investors are cautious about the potential further increase in the 30 - year treasury bond yield [13]. - **Economic Outlook for August**: Investor responses were relatively evenly distributed. 29% think the economy in August will show a "both year - on - year and month - on - month weakening" performance. Pessimistic expectations have decreased from 31% to 29% [15][17]. - **Expectations for Reserve Requirement Ratio Cuts and Interest Rate Cuts**: 42% of investors think there will be no further reserve requirement ratio cuts this year, and 46% think there will be no interest rate cuts. Most investors tend to postpone potential reserve requirement ratio cuts and interest rate cuts to a more distant policy window [20]. - **Impact of the Equity Market on the Bond Market**: 70% of investors think the recent strengthening of the equity market will strengthen the stock - bond seesaw effect and suppress the bond market. However, some investors think the impact is short - term [24]. - **September Bond Market Outlook**: Investor expectations for the bond market are divergent. The proportions of investors expecting the bond market to "strengthen overall with a bull - flattened yield curve" and "weaken overall with a bear - steepened yield curve" are both 23%. The preference for the short - end has also decreased [25]. - **Bond Market Operations**: In September, most investors are neutral in practice. Holding cash and waiting is the mainstream view, with a marginal increase in the proportion of investors maintaining positions and taking profits [28]. - **Preferred Bond Types**: In August, investors maintained their positions in medium - and short - term interest - rate bonds and increased their preference for convertible bonds. The preference for local bonds, high - grade urban investment bonds, and perpetual bonds decreased slightly [30]. - **Main Bond Pricing Logic**: Monetary policy, capital market conditions, and the performance of the equity market are the core concerns of bond investors. This month, the attention to the equity market has increased significantly, while the attention to institutional behavior games and fiscal policy has decreased [32].

Group 1 - The core viewpoint of the articles indicates a persistent "see-saw" market trend where equities are strong while bonds are weak, driven by monetary policy expectations and market dynamics [1][2][3] - Analysts suggest that the recent rebound in government bond futures is primarily due to a net MLF injection of 300 billion yuan by the central bank, reflecting a monetary easing stance [1][3] - Historical data shows that since 2010, the "see-saw" trend has occurred 13 times, lasting an average of about 3 months, with the Shanghai Composite Index rising approximately 20% during these periods [2] Group 2 - The current "see-saw" trend has lasted about 1.5 months, with the Shanghai Composite Index up 10% and 10-year and 30-year government bond yields rising by 14 basis points and 22 basis points, respectively [2] - Factors influencing the end of the "see-saw" trend include monetary policy, fundamental economic conditions, and significant external events [2][3] - The central bank's recent monetary policy report did not mention any plans for rate cuts or restarting government bond purchases, indicating limited room for bond market strength in the near term [2][3] Group 3 - The equity market's strong performance has led to a significant outflow of funds from the bond market, driven by a heightened profit effect in equities rather than a tightening of the economic outlook [3] - The potential for a rate cut by the central bank in the fourth quarter could provide support for the bond market, especially if it aims to stabilize the real estate sector or prevent rapid appreciation of the yuan [3][4] - The upcoming manufacturing PMI data is anticipated to have a positive impact on the bond market if it exceeds 50, while the equity market may face short-term correction pressure after recent gains [4]

Group 1 - The People's Bank of China (PBOC) is conducting a 600 billion yuan Medium-term Lending Facility (MLF) operation to maintain liquidity in the banking system, with a net injection of 300 billion yuan in August, marking the sixth consecutive month of increased MLF operations [1][2] - The PBOC's actions are aimed at stabilizing market expectations and ensuring ample liquidity, especially in light of rising market interest rates and tightening liquidity conditions [2][3] - The PBOC's monetary policy remains supportive, with a focus on maintaining liquidity to match the growth of social financing and money supply with economic growth and price level expectations [2][3] Group 2 - Experts predict that the PBOC may implement further reserve requirement ratio (RRR) cuts and interest rate reductions in the fourth quarter, while continuing to use MLF and reverse repos to inject liquidity [3][4] - The PBOC's recent actions are part of a broader strategy to create a conducive monetary environment for economic recovery, with ongoing monitoring and communication regarding policy measures [3][5] - The international context, particularly the Federal Reserve's potential interest rate cuts, may influence the PBOC's future monetary policy decisions [4][5]