《周期与财富》 （美）彼得·奥本海默 著 王德伦 王欢 译 中国人民大学出版社 2025年6月出版 ◎张译井 在与人类相关的诸多系统中，无论是社会形态、流行时尚，还是经济与金融市场，周期与趋势的存在及 其解释，都已有了悠久的历史。其中，金融市场的长期结构性变化，因其创造和吞噬财富的巨大力量， 成为专业学者和从业人员不断求索的课题。尽管不同时代的经济、政治和政策环境往往大相径庭，但是 金融市场周期却随时间推移反复重现。 金融周期的发展和变化不仅关乎金融史的演进，也与普罗大众的财富机遇息息相关。是什么因素驱动了 金融周期的形成？如何判断拐点？如何分析技术进步给传统周期带来的变化？作为拥有近40年宏观研究 经验的资深分析师，彼得·奥本海默在《周期与财富》这本书中，以宏观的历史视野，系统梳理了二战 以来的多轮金融周期，从GDP增长、利率、通货膨胀等多个维度，深入分析了周期背后的驱动因素及其 对资本市场的深远影响。 轮回之魅：金融市场的超级周期 作者指出，金融市场周期的形成和变化，既与经济发展的主要趋势密不可分，也与历史、文化、政治等 因素紧密相关。社会公平性、国际协作水平、地缘政治格局、人口变迁和科技创新等，共同对金 ...

证券研究报告 | 宏观专题报告 2026 年 01 月 27 日 把握金融周期的波动 ——构建招商中国金融条件指数 ❑ 风险提示：国内、国际金融环境结构性变化。 谢亚轩 S1090511030010 xieyx@cmschina.com.cn 刘亚欣 S1090516100001 liuyaxin@cmschina.com.cn （霍卓翔博士对报告做出重要贡献。） 敬请阅读末页的重要说明 专题报告 | 一、 关于金融条件指数（FCI） 4 | | --- | | 二、 金融周期的观念有助于更深刻理解经济现实 5 | | 三、 监测金融条件指数旨在把握金融周期波动 7 | | 四、 编制招商中国金融条件指数 9 | | 五、 招商中国金融条件指数的两个特色 11 | | 图 | 1：国际清算银行金融条件指数分项走势 | 7 | | --- | --- | --- | | 图 | 2：2008 年以来招商中国金融条件指数变化 | 10 | | 图 | 3：招商中国金融条件指数与其他主流指数对比 | 11 | | 表 | 1：金融条件指数的主要构成因素 | 4 | | 表 | 2：金融周期相关理论 | 5 | | ...

Global Macro - Global manufacturing shows moderate expansion with a PMI of 50.4% in November, while the US manufacturing PMI is at 51.8% and the Eurozone at 48.8%[7] - The US manufacturing sector is benefiting from geopolitical tensions, while the Eurozone, particularly Germany, faces significant challenges with a PMI of 47%[7] Domestic Macro - China's GDP growth target for 2025 is set at 5%, with nominal GDP growth at 4%[11] - Consumption contributes 2.6% to GDP growth, investment contributes 0.77%, and net exports contribute 1.64%[11] - December data shows a 0.9% year-on-year increase in retail sales, but significant declines in sectors like construction materials (-11.8%) and home appliances (-18.7%)[17] Investment Trends - Fixed asset investment in December fell by 16%, with manufacturing investment down 10.5% and real estate investment down 36.3%[19] - The stock market outlook remains positive, driven by a rapid economic transition and significant capital inflows from under-allocated savings[33] Policy Environment - The policy focus remains on stability rather than aggressive stimulus, with measures aimed at supporting demand and managing external risks[30] - The financial cycle is in a downward trend, with inflation showing signs of recovery but lacking strong momentum[24] Risks - Potential risks include escalating geopolitical conflicts and unexpected downturns in the Chinese economy[34]

Core Viewpoint - The recent strengthening of the RMB exchange rate is significantly influenced by seasonal demand for foreign exchange settlements in December, driven by increased corporate funding needs at year-end [1] Group 1: Exchange Rate Dynamics - The average appreciation of the RMB against the USD in December and January is 0.5% and 0.8% respectively, with appreciation probabilities of 75% and 67% [1] - The seasonal acceleration in foreign exchange settlement demand is a key factor contributing to the recent strengthening of the RMB [1] Group 2: Financial Cycle Perspective - Beyond trade considerations, it is essential to evaluate the exchange rate from a financial cycle perspective [1]

Group 1 - The core argument emphasizes that limiting competition and reducing supply in response to economic downturns may further weaken demand by suppressing income and expectations [1] - The discussion highlights the importance of understanding industrial advantages, demand constraints, and macroeconomic policy orientation in the context of China's economic structural transformation and changing internal and external environments [1] - The speaker, a chief economist, points out that China's manufacturing, particularly in green industries and artificial intelligence, exhibits typical characteristics of economies of scale [2] Group 2 - The speaker notes that since the Industrial Revolution, economies of scale have been a core driver of long-term economic growth, characterized as "dynamic economies of scale" that evolve with technological progress and innovation [1] - It is emphasized that merely understanding economies of scale from the supply side is insufficient; the ability to translate scale advantages into real growth depends critically on effective demand matching [1] - Historical experiences indicate that addressing economic downturns through supply-side restrictions does not fundamentally resolve issues, as it may further diminish demand [1] Group 3 - The speaker asserts that in sectors like photovoltaics and electric vehicles, larger scales lead to lower costs, with technological advancements closely linked to scale expansion, contrasting sharply with fossil fuel industries that are resource-constrained and monopolistic [2] - From a global perspective, China's rapid development in green industries provides cost-advantage solutions for global green transitions, representing a significant contribution to the global economy [2] - The speaker argues that green manufacturing cannot form cartel-like monopolies similar to the oil industry, as it belongs to a fully competitive scale economy sector [2] Group 4 - On the macroeconomic policy front, the speaker stresses the need to understand the relationship between direct and indirect financing beyond just financing structure, highlighting the role of banks as important carriers of money supply [2] - The speaker believes that current economic challenges in China are not solely financial or industrial issues but are intertwined results of financial cycles, insufficient demand, and income distribution structures [2] - Improving the social security system and increasing disposable income for low-income groups is deemed essential for both safeguarding livelihoods and stabilizing consumption to mitigate financial cycle fluctuations [2]

Summary of Key Points from the Conference Call Industry Overview - The report focuses on China's macroeconomic situation and trade dynamics, particularly in the context of the goods trade surplus and service trade deficit as of September 2025. The current account to GDP ratio is below 3.5%, indicating a moderate external imbalance [3][5]. Core Insights and Arguments - **Trade Surplus Growth**: China's goods trade surplus reached a historical high of $1,075.8 billion from January to November 2025, with a year-on-year growth rate of 21%. Exports increased by $174.6 billion (5.4% year-on-year), while imports decreased by $13 billion (-0.6% year-on-year) [4]. - **Economic Structure Changes**: The increase in trade surplus is attributed to a shift in resource allocation towards high-efficiency high-end manufacturing, accelerated technological advancements, and a decline in non-trade goods prices due to real estate adjustments. This has reduced intermediate input costs for trade goods, boosting exports [3]. - **Deleveraging Impact**: The private sector's deleveraging has suppressed demand, leading to a slowdown in imports. Additionally, the upgrading of manufacturing has increased domestic production capabilities, further reducing reliance on imports [3]. - **Regional Trade Dynamics**: The main regions contributing to the trade surplus include Hong Kong ($273.2 billion), the EU ($266.9 billion), and the US ($257.0 billion). Conversely, trade deficits were noted with Taiwan (-$133.4 billion) and Australia (-$47.7 billion) [5]. - **Product-Specific Trade Surplus**: The largest trade surpluses were recorded in electrical equipment (HS85: $352.7 billion), machinery (HS84: $320.7 billion), and vehicles (HS87: $182.9 billion). In contrast, significant trade deficits were observed in mineral fuels (HS27: -$354.4 billion) and minerals (HS26: -$239.5 billion) [6]. Additional Important Insights - **Long-term Trends**: The proportion of manufacturing imports to total output has decreased from 11.3% in 2012 to 7.4% in 2024, indicating a growing competitive advantage for domestic manufacturing over foreign counterparts [4]. - **Trade Remedy Cases**: The increase in trade surplus has led to a rise in trade remedy cases involving China, with 199 cases reported in 2024, up from 87 in 2023 [4]. - **Economic Indicators**: The report highlights that the current account surplus to GDP ratio was 3.4% as of September 2025, significantly lower than the 10.2% recorded in September 2007, reflecting a long-term trend of service trade and income item deficits [5]. This summary encapsulates the key points from the conference call, focusing on the trade dynamics and economic indicators relevant to China's macroeconomic landscape.

Group 1 - The US dollar index remains stable as the holiday approaches, with a year-to-date decline of nearly 10%, currently reported at 98.01 [1] - According to CICC's latest report, the RMB exchange rate is not significantly undervalued, and its recent mild recovery is reasonable given the strong performance of the Chinese stock market and the weakening dollar [1] - The CME silver volatility index has surged above 80, indicating extreme market expectations for future volatility, which typically occurs during breakout phases or liquidity panic [2] Group 2 - The Bank of Japan's recent meeting indicated that actual interest rates remain very low, suggesting potential further interest rate hikes, as the policy rate has not yet reached neutral levels [2] - The Thai baht experienced its largest drop in seven months, with traders wary of potential intervention by Thai authorities after a period of strength [2] - The South African rand is on track for its largest annual gain since 2009, driven by a weaker dollar and stable domestic political conditions, with a 13% increase against the dollar this year [2]

Core Viewpoint - The financial cycle, characterized by the interplay between housing prices and credit, influences the current account and currency exchange rates, with upward cycles lowering the current account but raising the domestic currency value, while downward cycles have the opposite effect [1] Group 1: Financial Cycle Insights - The financial cycle is defined as a long-term cycle where housing prices and credit reinforce each other [1] - The relationship between the financial cycle and exchange rate trends is acknowledged, suggesting that exchange rates may still be influenced by the financial cycle [1] Group 2: Real Estate Investment Attributes - The investment attributes of real estate in China have weakened in recent years, while its consumption attributes have strengthened [1] - The significance of the housing price-to-income ratio and the difference between rental yields and mortgage rates has increased in assessing the financial cycle [1] Group 3: Currency and Market Performance - The report indicates that the RMB exchange rate is not significantly undervalued, and the Chinese stock market has performed well [1] - The weakening of the US dollar contributes to a reasonable phase of mild recovery in the RMB exchange rate [1]

Core Viewpoint - The article argues that the Chinese yuan is not significantly undervalued, challenging the traditional view that assesses exchange rates primarily through commodity pricing, which is seen as disconnected from modern financial realities [2][4][6]. Group 1: Exchange Rate Assessment Perspectives - The mainstream economic view (neoclassical) evaluates exchange rates based on commodity pricing, suggesting that trade surpluses should lead to currency appreciation [4][5]. - In contrast, post-Keynesian economics emphasizes the role of capital flows and expectations in determining exchange rates, arguing that asset prices are more influential than traditional economic indicators [6][7]. Group 2: Financial Cycles and Exchange Rates - Financial cycles significantly impact the relationship between current accounts and exchange rates, with evidence showing that during financial upturns, trade deficits widen, while downturns lead to narrowing deficits [9][11]. - The article highlights that recent trends in China's trade surplus and yuan depreciation are results of financial cycle adjustments, rather than direct causation between trade surplus and currency value [13][15]. Group 3: Real Estate Market Dynamics - The investment attributes of real estate in China have diminished, with a notable decrease in the correlation between housing prices and transaction volumes, indicating a shift towards consumption attributes [30][32]. - The article discusses how changes in the real estate market affect the financial cycle, influencing the motivations for asset allocation between real estate and equities [34][36]. Group 4: Income and Economic Growth - The relationship between income growth and economic performance is emphasized, with projections indicating that if nominal GDP growth rebounds, disposable income growth will also improve [40][41]. - The article suggests that understanding income trends is crucial for predicting real estate market movements and, consequently, exchange rate dynamics [41].

Core Viewpoint - China's merchandise trade surplus continues to rise, while the service trade remains in deficit, with the current account to GDP ratio below 3.5% as of September this year, indicating that external imbalances are not very significant [2] Trade Surplus and Economic Structure - The trade surplus is driven by a downward financial cycle that reallocates resources towards high-efficiency high-end manufacturing, accelerated technological advancements, and a decline in non-trade goods prices due to real estate adjustments, which lowers the intermediate input costs for trade goods and boosts exports [2] - Private sector deleveraging has suppressed demand, leading to a slowdown in imports, while manufacturing upgrades have increased domestic production capabilities, further reducing imports [2] Trade Data Overview - For the period of January to November 2025, China's customs-based merchandise trade surplus reached a record high of $1,075.8 billion, with a year-on-year growth rate of 21% [3] - Exports during this period amounted to $3,414.7 billion, an increase of $174.6 billion year-on-year, with a growth rate of 5.4%, while imports decreased to $2,338.8 billion, a decline of $13 billion year-on-year, with a growth rate of -0.6% [3] - The trade surplus as a percentage of GDP for the rolling 12 months ending September 2025 was 6.0%, up 1.3 percentage points year-on-year, with exports contributing 0.6 percentage points and imports contributing 0.7 percentage points to this increase [3] Regional Trade Surplus - The main regions contributing to China's merchandise trade surplus from January to November 2025 include Hong Kong ($273.2 billion), the EU ($266.9 billion), the US ($257.0 billion), and ASEAN ($246.1 billion) [4] - Conversely, trade deficits were recorded with Taiwan (-$133.4 billion), Australia (-$47.7 billion), South Korea (-$37.3 billion), Russia (-$19.5 billion), and Japan (-$4.3 billion) [4] Product-Specific Trade Surplus - The primary products contributing to China's merchandise trade surplus from January to November 2025 include electrical equipment (HS85) at $352.7 billion, machinery (HS84) at $320.7 billion, vehicles and parts (HS87) at $182.9 billion, furniture (HS94) at $104.4 billion, and uncategorized goods (HS98) at $97.4 billion [5] - In contrast, significant trade deficits were observed in mineral fuels (HS27) at -$354.4 billion, minerals (HS26) at -$239.5 billion, jewelry (HS71) at -$64.0 billion, copper and its products (HS74) at -$50.5 billion, and nuts (HS12) at -$49.4 billion [5] Economic Indicators and Trends - The real estate sector shows signs of recovery, with the China Real Estate Prosperity Index rising to 95.4, driven by improvements in sales and financing indices [6] - The demand for new and second-hand homes has seen a narrowing decline compared to 2019, indicating a potential stabilization in the housing market [6][7] - The wholesale price index for essential products has shown a slight decrease, while the retail sales of major appliances and passenger vehicles have experienced significant year-on-year declines [8]