www.lhratings.com 研究报告 1 行业发展稳中向好，经营业绩持续改善 ——航空运输行业回顾及展望 联合资信 公用评级 |彭雪绒 |王相尹 一、 行业运行分析 2024 年以来，航空客货运市场需求旺盛，国内航线对客运市场形成支撑，国际 客运延续较快恢复态势，货运市场仍以国际航线为主。航空运输行业整体发展平稳。 根据《中国民航 2024 年 9 月份主要生产指标统计》，2024 年 1－9 月，中国民航 业累计完成运输总周转量1106.6亿吨公里，同比增长27.4%，为2019年同期的114.59%。 其中，第三季度民航客货运输周转量均创 2019 年来季度新高。 客运市场方面，航空客运需求保持旺盛，2024 年 1－9 月全行业完成旅客周转量 9743.9 亿人公里，同比增长 27.5%。其中，国内航线完成旅客周转量 7762.8 亿人公里 （占 79.67%），同比增长 13.3%；国际航线完成旅客周转量 1981.1 亿人公里（占 20.33%），同比增长 151.9%，接近 2019 年同期水平。2024 年 1－9 月全行业完成旅 客运输量 5.52 亿人次，同比增长 19.1%。 货运 ...

www.lhratings.com 研究报告 1 2024 年三季度证券行业分析 联合资信 金融评级 |张晓嫘 |潘岳辰 一、证券行业概况 2023 年，股票市场指数震荡下行，交投活跃程度同比下降，期末两融余额较上 年末有所增长，全年股权融资进度同比明显放缓；债券市场发行增势不减，收益率震 荡下行，期末债券市场指数较年初小幅上涨。2024 年前三季度，股票市场指数大幅 波动，交投活跃程度同比有所下降，但受益于 9 月下旬行业利好政策的颁布，三季度 末股票指数快速上涨，单日股票交易成交额显著增长；市场存量债券余额较上年末有 所增长，期末债券市场指数较上年末小幅上涨。 股票市场方面，2023 年，股票市场指数震荡下行，交投活跃程度同比略有下降。 截至 2023 年末，上证指数收于 2974.93 点，较年初下跌 3.70%；深圳成指收于 9524.69 点，较年初下跌 13.54%。根据交易所公布数据，截至 2023 年末，我国上市公司总数 5346 家，较年初增加 267 家；上市公司总市值 77.76 万亿元，较年初下降 1.58%。根 据 Wind 统计数据，2023 年全部 A 股成交额 212.10 万 ...

一般金融机构行业运行状况及 3C 级别表现 一、行业运行概况 一般金融机构涵盖金融租赁、汽车金融、消费金融、财务公司等非银机构，基于样本量原因，本文一 般金融机构 3C 模型的细分行业包括金融租赁、汽车金融和消费金融。 监管政策层面，一般金融机构多项政策的出台对公司治理、业务发展及风险控制等方面的要求进一步 细化，旨在引导一般金融机构回归主业以及规范化、标准化经营，促进一般金融机构长期化健康发展，提 升服务实体经济及消费者质效；但同时，监管政策的加强或将使部分机构面临较大业务转型压力。 国家金融监督管理总局修订发布的《汽车金融公司管理办法》已于 2023 年 8 月 11 日起施行，主要修 订内容体现在风险管理、业务范围、公司治理及内部控制、境外业务等方面，旨在引导汽车金融公司聚焦 主业，以适应汽车行业高质量发展的市场需求，同时强化股东的支持力度以及股权监管。上述《汽车金融 公司管理办法》的贯彻落实将有利于汽车金融公司提高风险防控意识，提升公司治理及和内部控制规范性 及信息披露透明度，推动汽车金融公司发挥自身专营汽车消费信贷的专业优势，做精专业、强化服务，提 高服务实体经济的效率和水平。 2024 年 3 月 ...

Investment Rating - The report indicates a stable investment outlook for the optional consumption industry in 2025, with head enterprises expected to consolidate their credit levels due to competitive advantages [1][46]. Core Insights - In 2024, policy stimuli are expected to significantly boost demand for optional consumer goods, although macroeconomic changes may lead to increased uncertainty in personal income and more cautious consumer spending decisions [1][46]. - The textile manufacturing sector is showing positive trends, while brand apparel is experiencing structural differentiation. The real estate policies are anticipated to release demand for home appliances, and the consumer electronics sector is slowly recovering, with AI and core components being the main investment focus [1][46]. - The overall development of the optional consumption industry is projected to remain stable in 2025, supported by effective consumption promotion policies [1][46]. Industry Overview - The optional consumption products include housing, automobiles, furniture, home appliances, mid-to-high-end apparel, electronic products, and cultural tourism products. The consumption frequency of optional goods is lower than that of essential goods, and they are closely related to macroeconomic conditions [4][1]. - In 2024, the global economic growth is slowing, and personal income faces more uncertainties, leading to cautious public consumption decisions. The average disposable income per capita in China for the first three quarters of 2024 was 30,941 yuan, a real growth of 4.9% year-on-year [3][1]. Subsector Analysis Textile and Apparel Industry - In the first three quarters of 2024, retail sales of clothing and textile products in China showed weak performance, with a retail growth of only 0.2% year-on-year. The textile manufacturing sector, however, is experiencing a recovery in orders and profitability [5][6]. - The export of textile products from China accounted for approximately 30% of global exports, but the focus is shifting towards Southeast Asian countries like Vietnam [5][6]. Home Appliance Industry - The home appliance market in China is becoming saturated, with retail sales growth of only 7.8% year-on-year in the first ten months of 2024. The demand for new appliances is closely tied to the real estate market, which is currently facing a downturn [12][13]. - Domestic home appliance companies are increasingly looking to overseas markets for growth, facing challenges such as trade sanctions and delivery risks [14][12]. Consumer Electronics Industry - The consumer electronics market is showing signs of moderate recovery, with global smartphone shipments increasing by 7.8% year-on-year in the first three quarters of 2024. The introduction of AI-enabled products is expected to drive further growth [15][19]. - Companies in the consumer electronics sector are under pressure to invest heavily in AI and core components to maintain competitiveness [46][19]. Policy Analysis - In 2024, the government has implemented various consumption promotion policies, including trade-in programs and subsidies for purchasing new appliances, which are expected to positively impact the optional consumption industry [24][25]. - The government is also focusing on creating new consumption scenarios to stimulate growth across various sectors, including home appliances and electronics [26][25]. Credit Status of Industry Enterprises - As of the first nine months of 2024, there were instances of credit downgrades among enterprises in the optional consumption sector, with one company defaulting on two bonds [29][36]. - The total amount of outstanding bonds in the optional consumption sector is approximately 155.99 billion yuan, with a significant portion maturing between 2025 and 2027, indicating potential repayment pressures [32][36]. Industry Outlook - The optional consumption industry is expected to maintain stability in 2025, with leading enterprises leveraging their competitive advantages to solidify credit levels. The overall industry is projected to develop steadily [46][41].

www.lhratings.com 研究报告 1 2024 年电力、电气设备制造行业回 顾与 2025 年度信用风险展望 联合资信 工商评级一部 崔濛骁 |工商评级二部 刘柏源 2024 年以来全社会用电量同比增长，电源、电网持续保持较大的投 资规模，随着电力行业加快新型能源体系和新型电力系统构建，新能源新 增装机成为新增装机绝对主体，重点输电通道建设稳步推进，产业链带动 效果显著。特高压建设第三轮周期开启，清洁能源大基地建设以及省间互 联通道开展规划和建设需求或将持续，智能变配电将迎来新机遇。2025 年 电力、电气设备制造行业景气度或将持续，板块向上动能增加。 联合资信评估股份有限公司 China Lianhe Credit Rating Co.,Ltd. 一、行业运行情况回顾 电力、电气设备制造行业作为国民经济发展中重要的装备工业之一，受国民经济 及电力投资需求影响大。2023 年以来，全社会用电量稳步回升，电力行业加快新型 能源体系和新型电力系统构建；电源、电网持续保持较大的投资规模，2023 年电源 投资增速创新高，新能源新增装机成为新增装机绝对主体，重点输电通道建设稳步推 进，电力设备制造行业外部 ...

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Industry Overview - The construction industry is highly cyclical and closely tied to economic growth, with downstream demand primarily driven by real estate and infrastructure investment [1][3] - Since 2020, the industry has faced challenges due to real estate market regulation and local government debt policies, leading to slower growth and increased differentiation among enterprises [1] - The industry's liquidity has tightened, with increased funding pressure, declining profitability, and rising bad debt provisions [1] Real Estate Policy Impact - The "Three Red Lines" policy introduced in August 2020 significantly impacted real estate market financing, leading to reduced bank credit growth for real estate developers [5] - Real estate developers' new construction area has been declining since 2020, with negative double-digit growth rates since 2021 [5] - Despite policy support measures, real estate companies continue to face significant funding pressures, with negative loan balance growth since Q3 2023 [5][6] Local Government Debt Impact - The 2023 debt resolution package has restricted new financing for local government financing vehicles (LGFVs), affecting new government investment projects [9][11] - Construction industry new contract value declined by 2.85% in 2023, the first negative growth since 2015 [11] - Central enterprises have seen increased market share, while local state-owned enterprises experienced their first negative growth in new contracts [13] Financial Analysis by Ownership Asset Management - Central enterprises have lower downstream funding requirements and stronger bargaining power compared to local SOEs and private enterprises [19][21] - The industry's downstream funding ratio (receivables + inventory + contract assets)/current assets increased from 59.71% in 2019 to 66.47% in 2023 [19][21] Profitability - Industry-wide ROE has fluctuated between 6.20% and 6.86%, with central enterprises maintaining higher profitability than local SOEs and private enterprises [27] - Private enterprises have seen significant profit margin compression, with ROE declining to 2.17% in 2023 [27] Debt and Liquidity - Private enterprises have higher debt capitalisation ratios, increasing from 36.39% in 2019 to 48.05% in 2023 [32] - Central enterprises maintain better short-term debt coverage ratios compared to local SOEs and private enterprises [38] Credit and Asset Impairment - Industry-wide credit impairment losses increased from 0.53 billion yuan in 2019 to 1.76 billion yuan in 2023, with central enterprises showing the highest impairment levels [42] - Asset impairment losses grew from 0.03 billion yuan in 2019 to 0.43 billion yuan in 2023, with local SOEs showing the highest sensitivity to industry downturns [45] Litigation Analysis - Construction industry litigation cases increased significantly since 2021, with private enterprises experiencing the highest growth rates in lawsuits [48] - Private enterprises, primarily engaged in building construction and survey design, have been most affected by the "Three Red Lines" policy [48] Future Outlook - Market pressure on the construction industry is expected to decrease with potential real estate market recovery and local government debt resolution [51] - Industry consolidation is expected to continue, with central enterprises and strong local SOEs gaining more market share [51] - Private enterprises and weaker local SOEs are likely to face increased competitive pressure [51]

Industry Investment Rating - The report maintains a stable credit outlook for the toll road industry, citing government support and strong refinancing capabilities as key factors [58] Core Views - The toll road industry is experiencing a slowdown in investment, with highway mileage growth expected to remain low in the coming years [7] - Regional disparities in investment pressure are evident, with some western provinces facing significant construction tasks and investment burdens [10] - Road transport remains the dominant mode for passenger and freight transport in China, although the share of road passenger transport has declined significantly [13] - The industry is shifting towards smart highways and digital transformation, particularly in eastern regions [56] Industry Policy - The "Five-Year Action Plan for Accelerating the Construction of a Transportation Power (2023-2027)" aims to increase the national expressway mileage to approximately 130,000 km by 2027, adding about 11,000 km [3] - REITs have become a significant financing tool for toll road enterprises, with several major REITs issued in recent years [44] - The "Financial Leasing Company Management Measures" have imposed restrictions on financing lease targets, potentially affecting toll road enterprises' financing options [6] Industry Operations - China's expressway mileage reached 183,600 km by the end of 2023, with a year-on-year growth rate of 3.6% [10] - Road passenger transport accounted for less than 50% of total passenger transport for the first time in 2023, at 49.14% [13] - Road freight transport accounted for 72.45% of total freight transport in 2023, with a slight downward trend expected due to the shift from road to rail and water transport [13] Provincial Toll Road Enterprises - Provincial toll road enterprises dominate their respective regions, with most controlling over 60% of the province's toll road mileage [23] - Eastern provinces such as Shanghai, Beijing, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Guangdong have high toll revenue per kilometer, exceeding 7 million yuan [25] - Construction costs for new expressways are rising, with Shanghai's cost reaching 635 million yuan per kilometer, while Jiangsu and Guizhou range between 350-400 million yuan per kilometer [25] Financial Risks - The total debt of 23 provincial toll road enterprises reached approximately 8,114.641 billion yuan by June 2024, with a debt capitalization ratio of 63.78% [38] - Short-term debt coverage ratios have weakened slightly, but the industry's strong cash flow generation and ample credit lines provide sufficient debt repayment capacity [40] - Toll revenue coverage of interest expenses improved in 2023, with eastern and central regions generally achieving full coverage, while some western and northeastern regions rely on other business income or government support [47] Data Asset Accounting - Toll road enterprises have begun accounting for data assets, including traffic flow data, vehicle type data, and bridge monitoring data, following the implementation of the "Interim Provisions on Accounting Treatment of Enterprise Data Resources" in 2024 [50] - Data asset accounting is expected to enhance operational efficiency and support digital transformation in the long term [50]

Investment Rating - The report indicates a stable credit outlook for the water industry, with low credit risk overall [1]. Core Viewpoints - The water industry is expected to continue growing due to increased investment in water infrastructure, driven by government policies and economic stability [1][7]. - The total investment in national water conservancy construction reached 928.98 billion yuan in the first three quarters of 2024, marking a 9.8% increase year-on-year [1][8]. - The water industry is characterized by high entry barriers and stable demand and supply, with a tendency towards regional monopolies and the coexistence of leading companies operating across regions [1][7]. Industry Development Status - The water resources in China are abundant but unevenly distributed, with urban domestic water supply and sewage treatment being significant growth drivers for the industry [2][4]. - The water industry chain includes water extraction, processing, supply, and sewage treatment, with urban water demand influenced by economic growth and population increase [2][3]. Macroeconomic Environment and Policy Guidance - The government has introduced new policies to enhance efficiency, expand capacity, and improve profitability in the water sector [7][9]. - The economic growth rate for the first three quarters of 2024 was 4.8%, with fixed asset investment increasing by 3.4% [8]. Industry Competition Landscape - The water industry is stable, with regional monopolies and leading companies coexisting, primarily consisting of state-owned enterprises [14]. - The competition is expected to focus on environmental governance and related sectors, which require significant capital and technical expertise [14]. Industry Investment - Urban water supply investment reached 75.62 billion yuan in 2023, reflecting a 6% year-on-year increase [15]. - The sewage treatment and recycling investment was 75.81 billion yuan in 2023, up 7.05% from the previous year [16]. Water Price Changes - Water prices in key cities have been adjusted upwards, indicating potential for further increases in the future [17]. - The average sewage treatment price in 36 major cities remained stable at 1.02 yuan per cubic meter, suggesting room for future price adjustments [17]. Financial Performance of Water Enterprises - Water enterprises saw a compound annual growth rate of 4.4% in total revenue from 2021 to 2023, while total profit decreased at a compound annual rate of 16.64% [20]. - In the first three quarters of 2024, total revenue for water enterprises was 249.55 billion yuan, a decline of 3.32% year-on-year [20]. Debt Situation of Water Enterprises - The total debt of water enterprises reached 920.72 billion yuan by the end of 2023, reflecting a 14.15% increase from the previous year [30]. - The debt structure is primarily long-term, with long-term debt accounting for 77.39% as of September 2024 [30]. Bond Issuance Situation of Water Enterprises - In the first ten months of 2024, 52 water enterprises issued bonds totaling 120.56 billion yuan, a 30.44% increase compared to the same period in 2023 [42]. - The average issuance interest rate for short-term bonds was 2.08%, down from 2.44% in 2023, indicating a decrease in financing costs [53].

Industry Overview - The construction industry is facing increasing downward pressure and intensified competition, with market share continuing to concentrate in large central enterprises (CEs) [4] - In 2023, the new contract value of the seven major construction CEs accounted for 41.89% of the national construction industry's new contract value, an increase of 3.76 percentage points year-on-year [5] - Private construction companies are experiencing difficulties due to over-reliance on PPP projects, limited financing capabilities, and short-term debt for long-term investments, creating opportunities for state-owned capital (SOC) acquisitions [5] Acquisition Motivations - SOC acquisitions of private construction companies are driven by multiple factors, including obtaining scarce resources, local government financing platform (LGFP) transformation needs, resource integration, business synergy, corporate bailouts, local economic stability, and investment attraction [9] - Acquiring listed companies is attractive due to their scarcity and the lengthy, uncertain IPO process in China [9] - LGFPs are seeking market-oriented transformations, and construction companies are a viable option due to their relatively low market entry barriers and large revenue scale [9] - Business synergy and resource integration are key motivations, as some SOCs are local infrastructure construction entities with complementary businesses [9] - Acquisitions can also serve as a means to stabilize local economies, protect tax revenues, and attract investments by relocating the acquired company's registration and operations [10] Acquisition Methods - Common acquisition methods include negotiated equity transfers, private placements, secondary market purchases, tender offers, and voting rights entrustment [11] - Negotiated equity transfers are the most commonly used method, allowing for quick acquisition of large shareholdings but may not immediately improve the target company's capital strength [12] - Private placements are often used to consolidate control and inject liquidity, but they require regulatory approval and carry uncertainty [13] - Secondary market purchases or tender offers do not require complex approval processes but may involve higher acquisition premiums [13] - Voting rights entrustment can quickly transfer control with minimal capital but carries risks of losing control if the entrusted shares are subject to legal disputes [13] Positive Impacts of SOC Acquisitions - SOC acquisitions can provide financial support and enhance the financing capabilities of acquired companies through direct capital injections, guarantees, and improved credit access [15] - Acquired companies can benefit from the resources and reputation of SOCs, gaining competitive advantages in bidding and access to local government resources [15] - SOCs often introduce more standardized management systems, improving the long-term stability and development of acquired companies [16] - Acquisitions can facilitate the market-oriented transformation of LGFPs by leveraging the technical expertise and market resources of construction companies [16] Challenges and Risks of SOC Acquisitions - SOCs may underestimate the capital needs of construction companies, especially given the industry's long payment cycles and the risks associated with PPP projects [17] - The expected benefits of SOC support, such as improved financing and business resources, may fall short of expectations due to macroeconomic and policy changes [18] - SOCs face pressure to preserve and increase state-owned assets, and the mismatch between investment and returns may lead to hesitation in further support [19] - The cyclical nature of the construction industry poses long-term challenges, and SOC support may not be sufficient to counteract industry downturns [19] - Risks of losing control and increased financial burdens on the acquirer are significant concerns, especially for LGFPs with existing liquidity pressures [21] Post-Acquisition Performance Analysis - Based on a sample of 9 private construction companies acquired by SOCs between 2018 and 2023, the overall performance improvement is limited, with diminishing effects over time [36] - Companies with higher SOC ownership and stronger financial and business support showed relatively better performance improvements [36] - Companies with lower SOC ownership, poor business coordination, and large PPP project exposures performed poorly [36] - Among the 9 companies, only 2 showed improved rankings post-acquisition, while 6 experienced declining rankings [42] - The best performance improvements were observed in the second year post-acquisition, but the effects weakened over time [43] Key Recommendations - SOCs should assess potential business synergies with target companies and avoid acquisitions solely for the purpose of controlling listed companies [47] - The cyclical nature of the construction industry should be carefully considered, and SOCs should be prepared for prolonged periods of underperformance in acquired companies [47] - Thorough due diligence is essential to understand the target company's risk exposures and ensure that the SOC's support capabilities align with the company's needs [49] - Acquisition methods and ownership structures should be carefully designed to avoid control risks and ensure sustainable support [49] - SOCs should be cautious of acquiring companies with high delisting risks, given the increasing regulatory focus on delisting underperforming listed companies [50]