Investment Rating - The airport industry is rated with a stable outlook, indicating a positive long-term growth potential supported by government policies and infrastructure investments [34]. Core Insights - The airport industry is a crucial part of China's transportation infrastructure, with 263 civil transport airports as of the end of 2024, reflecting a net increase of 4 airports from the previous year [4][10]. - The revenue structure of airport operations is divided into aviation-related income, which is quasi-public, and non-aviation income, which is market-driven, allowing for improved profitability [5][6]. - The industry is experiencing a robust recovery in operational metrics, with passenger throughput exceeding pre-pandemic levels, although international passenger traffic has not fully recovered [10][14]. Industry Overview - The airport industry is characterized by strategic importance and public service, with strict management by the Civil Aviation Administration of China [4]. - The revenue from aviation-related services includes essential operations such as takeoff and landing fees, while non-aviation services encompass various commercial activities [5]. - The industry is undergoing a transformation with the gradual marketization of non-aviation service fees, enhancing the revenue structure and competitive edge of airport operators [6]. Policy Environment - Recent policies, such as the "Guidance on Promoting International Aviation Hub Construction," aim to enhance the functionality of international aviation hubs and improve operational efficiency [7][9]. - The "14th Five-Year Plan" outlines a target to increase the number of civil transport airports from 241 to at least 270 by 2025, indicating significant growth potential [8][27]. - The government continues to support the industry through subsidies and funding for infrastructure projects, which is crucial for the sector's recovery and expansion [8][30]. Operational Performance - In 2024, the airport industry saw a significant recovery, with passenger throughput increasing by 15.9% year-on-year, surpassing 2019 levels [10][14]. - The total revenue for airport enterprises reached 1136.7 billion yuan, marking an 8.5% increase from the previous year, while the total profit showed a substantial reduction in losses [26]. - The operational metrics indicate a strong recovery trajectory, with domestic passenger traffic growing by 12.2% compared to 2019, while international traffic is still recovering [16][18]. Supply and Demand Dynamics - The airport industry has substantial growth potential, driven by ongoing fixed asset investments and improvements in flight capacity [27][28]. - The demand for air travel is expected to continue rising, supported by economic recovery and increased consumer spending [30]. - The competitive landscape is characterized by regional monopolies, with airports facing limited competition due to geographical and regulatory constraints [32][33]. Future Development - The airport industry is positioned for rapid growth, with ongoing investments in infrastructure and a clear policy framework supporting its expansion [34]. - The recovery of domestic and international travel demand is anticipated to sustain the industry's growth momentum in the coming years [34].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly state an investment rating for the aviation transportation industry [2] Core Insights - The aviation transportation industry is a cyclical sector with a strong correlation to GDP growth, and in developed countries, its annual growth rate can be 1.5 to 2 times that of GDP once income levels surpass a certain threshold [4] - The industry is expected to benefit from policy support aimed at expanding international routes and improving operational efficiency [5][6] - In 2024, the aviation market in China saw significant recovery, with passenger turnover reaching historical highs and international routes recovering rapidly [8][12] Industry Overview - Aviation transportation plays a crucial role in the transportation system, characterized by its efficiency and convenience [4] - The industry is projected to grow for 30 to 40 years as economic growth and rising income levels in China drive demand for air travel [4] Industry Policies - Recent policy changes, including the expansion of international flight routes and the simplification of entry and exit procedures, are expected to accelerate the development of international passenger services [5] - The implementation of the "International Passenger Air Rights Market Access and Allocation" is anticipated to enhance operational efficiency and reduce ineffective capacity [6] Industry Performance - In 2024, the total transport turnover in China's civil aviation industry reached 1485.17 billion ton-kilometers, a year-on-year increase of 25.0% [8] - Passenger turnover reached 12914.72 billion passenger-kilometers, with domestic routes accounting for 78.99% and international routes showing a remarkable recovery [8] - The cargo market also saw growth, with total cargo turnover reaching 353.89 billion ton-kilometers, a 24.8% increase year-on-year [12] Industry Competition - The Chinese aviation market is dominated by three major airlines, with increasing market concentration as struggling airlines are acquired or restructured [21][22] - The competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of state-owned, private, and foreign airlines, with the three major airlines benefiting from government support and a strong market position [21][22] Industry Supply and Demand - The aviation industry faces challenges from fluctuating fuel prices, exchange rate volatility, and competition from high-speed rail [24][25][27] - The report highlights the significant impact of oil prices on operational costs, which can account for 20% to 50% of total operating costs [25] Future Development - Short-term demand for air travel is expected to remain high due to robust consumer sentiment and tourism recovery [34] - Long-term growth prospects are supported by China's resilient economic development and increasing domestic consumption [34]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly state an investment rating for the urban rail transit industry Core Insights - Urban rail transit is a crucial part of urban public transport systems, characterized by speed, punctuality, small land occupation, high capacity, and efficiency, with significant social benefits. The rapid urbanization in China has led to increased urban populations and severe traffic congestion, prompting the government to prioritize urban rail transit development as a key strategy for economic growth, particularly in large cities [4] - The industry is supported by various policies from the Ministry of Transport, National Railway Administration, and the Urban Rail Transit Association, focusing on sustainable development, safety management, and financial support mechanisms [5][6] - The urban rail transit network in China expanded in 2024, with 18 new operational lines and 27 new sections, totaling 748 kilometers, resulting in a cumulative operational mileage of 10,945.60 kilometers across 54 cities [8][10] - The average daily passenger volume reached 88.13 million, with a year-on-year increase of 8.06%, indicating a growing demand for urban rail transit [13] Summary by Sections Industry Overview - Urban rail transit is essential for addressing urban traffic congestion and enhancing environmental quality, with significant economic benefits through the development of surrounding areas and related industries [4] Industry Policies - A series of policies have been introduced to ensure the sustainable development of urban rail transit, including guidelines for operational management, safety supervision, and financial support [5][6] Industry Operation Status - In 2024, urban rail transit passenger turnover reached 267 billion passenger-kilometers, a 10.4% increase year-on-year, with a total passenger volume of 32.24 billion, up 9.5% [13] - The average operational income per vehicle kilometer was 17.26 yuan, while the average operational cost was 33.42 yuan, leading to an operational revenue-to-cost ratio of 57.85% [16] Industry Investment and Construction - The construction investment in urban rail transit continued to decline in 2024, with a total investment of 474.94 billion yuan, down 8.91% year-on-year. The total length of ongoing projects reached 5,833.04 kilometers [17][19] - The industry is transitioning from government-led investment to diversified funding sources, including public-private partnerships (PPP) and other market-oriented financing methods [19] Future Development - The urban rail transit industry is expected to shift from a construction-driven phase to a stable operational phase, facing challenges such as rising operational costs and debt burdens. Companies are encouraged to explore integrated development and diversify operations to enhance efficiency and reduce costs [20]

Economic Performance - In Q1 2025, China's GDP reached 31.8758 trillion yuan, with a year-on-year growth of 5.4% and a quarter-on-quarter increase of 1.2%[3] - The industrial added value grew by 6.5% year-on-year, while the service sector's added value increased by 5.3%[4] - Fixed asset investment rose by 4.2% year-on-year, with infrastructure investment growing by 5.8%[16][20] Trade and Exports - Total goods trade in Q1 2025 was 10.3 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 1.3%, with exports at 6.13 trillion yuan, up 6.9%[28] - The export of mechanical and electrical products reached 5.29 trillion yuan, growing by 7.7%[28] - The share of domestic brand exports increased to 22.8%, reflecting a 10.2% growth in this segment[28] Price Stability - The Consumer Price Index (CPI) decreased by 0.1% year-on-year, with food prices dropping by 1.5%[31] - The Producer Price Index (PPI) fell by 2.3% year-on-year, indicating a slowdown in the decline compared to previous quarters[33] Employment and Fiscal Policy - The urban survey unemployment rate averaged 5.3% in Q1 2025, showing stability in the job market[38] - National general public budget revenue was 6.0 trillion yuan, down 1.1% year-on-year, while expenditures increased by 4.2% to 7.3 trillion yuan[40]

Investment Rating - The report indicates a gradual transition of the pig cycle into a reasonable upward phase, driven by the initial effects of capacity reduction and limited short-term expansion capabilities in the industry [2][21][24]. Core Insights - The Chinese pig farming industry has experienced significant fluctuations due to factors such as African swine fever and policy-driven changes, leading to an increase in industry concentration but still remaining at a low level [4][21]. - The market demand for pork remains rigid, closely tied to the living standards of urban and rural residents, with the market size of the pig farming industry reaching 1.51 trillion yuan in 2024 [4][5]. - The report highlights that the supply-demand mismatch in the pig market leads to cyclical price fluctuations, with each cycle typically lasting around four years [5][22]. Summary by Sections Industry Overview - The concentration of pig farming in China has increased due to policy and environmental factors, yet it remains low, resulting in significant cyclical volatility [4]. - Pork is the primary meat source for Chinese residents, with the pig farming sector accounting for over 50% of the livestock industry's output and value [4]. Pig Production and Output Analysis - The breeding sow inventory has fluctuated since mid-2021, with a reasonable level reached by early 2025, while pig output has shown a downward trend in 2024 [5][8]. - The report notes that the breeding sow inventory is a leading indicator for future pig output, influencing supply over the next 10-12 months [5][22]. Industry Supply Chain and Price Trends - The pig farming sector is heavily influenced by feed prices, which have seen fluctuations due to global supply dynamics [9][10]. - The average wholesale price of pork was reported at 20.85 yuan/kg in early 2025, indicating a downward trend compared to the previous year [15][22]. Industry Policies - The government has implemented policies to optimize pig production capacity management, aiming to stabilize pork prices and reduce cyclical volatility [17][18]. - Recent adjustments to the breeding sow inventory targets reflect improvements in production efficiency and aim to maintain market stability [18][21]. Future Development - The report anticipates that the pig cycle will gradually stabilize as the proportion of large-scale farming enterprises increases, leading to reduced volatility in the market [21][24]. - Challenges remain for pig farming enterprises, including cost control related to raw materials and disease management, which will continue to impact profitability [21][24].

Investment Rating - The report indicates a stable development in the food and beverage industry despite weak demand due to insufficient consumer confidence in 2024 [1][5]. Core Insights - The food and beverage industry is expected to experience a recovery in demand driven by monetary policy easing and various measures to expand domestic demand in 2025 [3][35]. - The industry is characterized by a significant differentiation among sub-sectors, with varying performance and growth potential [5][36]. Summary by Sections Industry Overview - The food and beverage industry is a crucial pillar of the national economy, closely linked to agricultural and livestock sectors, with a diverse range of products [5]. - In 2024, the industry is projected to achieve a 4.1% growth in industrial added value, with specific segments like food manufacturing and beverage processing showing positive growth [5]. Sub-sector Analysis Baijiu Industry - The baijiu industry continues to see a decline in total demand, but revenue and profit for large enterprises are growing due to improved consumption structure and increased industry concentration [6][7]. - In 2024, the total production of baijiu is expected to decrease by 1.8%, while the top 10 enterprises' market share has increased to approximately 58% [7][8]. Meat Processing Industry - The meat processing industry is stable, with leading companies enhancing brand building and increasing deep processing ratios, leading to improved profit levels despite slight revenue declines [12][15]. - In 2024, the total meat production is projected to reach 96.63 million tons, with pork accounting for nearly 60% of the total [13]. Dairy Industry - The dairy industry is experiencing a downturn, with a 2.7% decline in sales revenue in 2024, although high-end products like pasteurized milk are seeing growth [19][23]. - The competition remains dominated by two major players, with a significant focus on product innovation and value addition [23][24]. Snack Food Industry - The snack food industry is expected to grow steadily, with a market size of 933 billion yuan in 2024, reflecting a 4.6% increase [25][26]. - Companies are focusing on product upgrades and cost control to meet consumer demand for healthier options [26][27]. Soft Drink Industry - The soft drink industry has a large market size but limited growth potential, with a 7.5% increase in production in 2024, reaching 18.82 million tons [28][30]. - The market is characterized by high concentration, with the top five companies holding over 60% market share [32]. Policy and Outlook - The food and beverage industry is expected to benefit from government policies aimed at boosting consumption and stabilizing prices of raw materials [35][36]. - The market is likely to see a restructuring of competition, with leading companies consolidating their positions through mergers and acquisitions while smaller firms may find niche opportunities [38].

2025 年贸易行业分析 联合资信 工商评级二部 www.lhratings.com 研究报告 1 一、行业运行情况 （一）进出口贸易运行情况 2024 年，中国进出口贸易总额稳步增长，累计出口同比上升明显，海外需求韧 性较强；受国内需求较弱叠加全球大宗商品价格下跌影响，累计进口同比增速下滑。 2025 年一季度，在外部困难挑战增多的情况下，中国外贸进出口实现平稳开局，美 国加征高额关税对我国外贸出口的制约预计二季度会逐步显现。 根据海关总署数据，2024 年中国进出口商品金额总值 61622.89 亿美元，同比上 升 3.8%。其中，累计出口金额 35772.22 亿美元，同比上升 5.9%，自 5 月以后累计出 口同比整体呈明显上升趋势，主要受半导体行业周期性回暖及消费电子、汽车、船舶 等产品竞争力提升等因素综合影响；累计进口金额 25850.67 亿美元，同比上升 1.1%， 自 8 月以来累计进口同比缓慢下滑，主要系国内需求端较弱叠加全球大宗商品价格下 跌所致；2024 年全年贸易顺差 9921.55 亿美元，较 2023 年增加 1700.53 亿美元，贸 易顺差有明显增长。 2025 年一季度，在 ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly state an investment rating for the diversified industrial investment holding industry [2]. Core Insights - The diversified industrial investment holding industry is characterized by a business model that involves holding and managing subsidiaries across multiple sectors, allowing for risk diversification and value enhancement [4][5]. - The industry is influenced by various policies, including antitrust regulations, ESG standards, and state-owned enterprise market value management, which significantly impact corporate strategies [2][14]. - The industry is expected to experience a phase of integration and optimization by 2025, with market competition intensifying and a focus on compliance and sustainable development [27][28]. Summary by Sections Industry Overview - Diversified industrial investment holding companies manage subsidiaries across various sectors, promoting sustainable development through strategic investments [4]. - The business model focuses on investment management rather than direct operational involvement, with revenue primarily from dividends, asset operations, and management fees [5]. Industry Scale and Structure - The industry features a large number of companies, with leading firms holding assets exceeding 100 billion [6]. - The structure is dominated by a few large groups, while smaller firms struggle to maintain market share [6][7]. - The financial metrics of diversified holding companies are generally below the averages of the broader market, indicating significant internal variance in profitability [7][10]. Financing Preferences and Investment Management - Financing sources for diversified holding companies include bonds, bank loans, and equity injections, with a focus on balancing leverage and financing costs [11]. - Companies adopt different strategies based on their operational focus, with capital operation firms prioritizing asset appreciation and operational firms focusing on synergy and risk diversification [11][12]. Industry Policies and Focus Areas - Recent regulatory developments emphasize compliance with antitrust laws, market access, and ESG standards, necessitating significant legal and financial resources for compliance [13][14][16]. - The government is promoting a dual approach to modernize traditional industries while fostering emerging sectors, which will shape the investment landscape [18][19]. Future Outlook - The industry is poised for consolidation, with larger firms likely to acquire smaller ones, while financing conditions may stabilize due to a favorable liquidity environment [27][28]. - Digitalization and industry collaboration are expected to drive efficiency improvements, with local investment platforms playing a crucial role in regional economic development [28].

2025 年工程机械行业分析 联合资信 工商评级三部 |王煜彤 在 2023 年中国工程机械行业下行的背景下，2024 年工程机械行业筑 底企稳，工程机械企业盈利水平有所提升。各类挖掘机和装载机产品销量 均呈增长态势；工程机械产品出口金额保持增长但增速放缓，其中"一带 一路"沿线国家出口景气度维持较高水平，同时新增对外承包工程将有效 拉动工程机械产品出口。2024 年，我国工程机械企业盈利水平有所提升。 未来，海外市场将继续成为国内工程机械企业的重要支撑。 2024 年以来，工程机械行业向数字化、智能化、绿色化加速转型。随 着国家大规模设备更新、超长期特别国债等举措加快落地，相关产业政策 的有效实施，重大工程项目建设全力推进，工程机械行业有望进入复苏阶 段，加之市场上存量机械自然更新淘汰、环保政策趋严、机械取代人工趋 势加深以及出口"情绪"高涨等众多因素的影响下，中国工程机械刚性需 求将持续释放。总体看，预计工程机械行业在 2025 年将整体维持稳定发 展态势。 一、行业现状 2024 年全年国民经济运行稳中有进，房地产开发投资依然不振，但受益于固定 资产投资（不含农户）同比增长，各类挖掘机和装载机产品销量均 ...

2025 年股权投资行业运行分析 联合资信 工商评级二部 受复杂的外部环境影响，2024 年中国股权投资市场整体延续下行态势，但 各项运营指标降幅同比有所收窄。募资端国资 LP 仍是最主要出资方，投 资端在调整中呈现出结构优化的趋势，资金与资源进一步向优质项目倾斜， 半导体及电子设备领域投资热度依旧领先，人工智能领域受资本青睐。受 IPO 节奏仍未放松影响，处于延长期的基金规模持续增长，短期内仍面临 较大的退出压力。受地方财政压力和监管趋严影响，2024 年中国政府引导 基金设立节奏放缓。随着各项政策的积极推动，预计 2025 年行业各项运 营指标降幅将进一步收窄。 www.lhratings.com 研究报告 1 出资人结构方面，国资 LP 仍是人民币基金的最主要出资方。根据执中 ZERONE 数据，国资性质资金在 LP 结构中占据主导地位，占比约 88.8%，其中政府资金（含 www.lhratings.com 研究报告 2 图表 1 股权投资行业募资情况 一、股权投资市场运行概况 （一）募资端 2024 年中国股权投资市场募资难度进一步加剧，新募基金数量和规模同比显著 下滑，国资 LP 仍是基金最主要出 ...