Workflow
icon
Search documents
基础化工周报:纯MDI价格继续上升-20250817
Soochow Securities· 2025-08-17 08:19
1. Report Industry Investment Rating No relevant content provided. 2. Core Viewpoints of the Report - In the polyurethane sector, this week, the average prices of pure MDI, polymer MDI, and TDI were 17,940 yuan/ton, 15,790 yuan/ton, and 16,004 yuan/ton respectively, with week - on - week changes of +100 yuan/ton, - 130 yuan/ton, and - 392 yuan/ton. Their respective gross profits were 4,572 yuan/ton, 3,479 yuan/ton, and 4,497 yuan/ton, with week - on - week changes of +152 yuan/ton, +2 yuan/ton, and - 358 yuan/ton [2]. - In the oil, gas, and olefin sector: ① This week, the average prices of ethane, propane, steam coal, and naphtha were 1,102 yuan/ton, 3,966 yuan/ton, 495 yuan/ton, and 4,059 yuan/ton respectively, with week - on - week changes of - 28 yuan/ton, +68 yuan/ton, +0 yuan/ton, and - 69 yuan/ton. ② The average price of polyethylene was 7,777 yuan/ton, a week - on - week decrease of 3 yuan/ton. The theoretical profits of ethylene cracking, CTO, and naphtha cracking to produce polyethylene were 1,343 yuan/ton, 1,911 yuan/ton, and 102 yuan/ton respectively, with week - on - week changes of +25 yuan/ton, - 3 yuan/ton, and +66 yuan/ton. ③ The average price of polypropylene was 7,000 yuan/ton, unchanged from the previous week. The theoretical profits of PDH, CTO, and naphtha cracking to produce polypropylene were 53 yuan/ton, 1,596 yuan/ton, and - 32 yuan/ton respectively, with week - on - week changes of - 60 yuan/ton, +0 yuan/ton, and +69 yuan/ton [2]. - In the coal chemical sector, this week, the average prices of synthetic ammonia, urea, DMF, and acetic acid were 2,289 yuan/ton, 1,750 yuan/ton, 4,095 yuan/ton, and 2,205 yuan/ton respectively, with week - on - week changes of - 134 yuan/ton, - 23 yuan/ton, +70 yuan/ton, and - 7 yuan/ton. Their respective gross profits were 359 yuan/ton, 67 yuan/ton, - 190 yuan/ton, and - 91 yuan/ton, with week - on - week changes of - 149 yuan/ton, - 32 yuan/ton, +82 yuan/ton, and - 10 yuan/ton [2]. - Relevant listed companies in the chemical industry include Wanhua Chemical, Baofeng Energy, Satellite Chemical, Hualu Hengsheng, and New Hope Liuhe [2]. 3. Summary by Relevant Catalogs 3.1 Basic Chemical Weekly Data Briefing - **Related Company Price Change Tracking**: As of August 15, 2025, the basic chemical index had a weekly increase of 2.5%, a monthly increase of 8.7%, a three - month increase of 13.0%, a one - year increase of 39.9%, and a year - to - date increase of 19.1%. Among the related companies, Wanhua Chemical had a weekly increase of 3.6%, a monthly increase of 14.0%, a three - month increase of 9.5%, a one - year decrease of 9.2%, and a year - to - date decrease of 10.5%. Baofeng Energy had a weekly increase of 0.3%, a monthly decrease of 2.0%, a three - month decrease of 0.6%, a one - year increase of 5.7%, and a year - to - date decrease of 5.3%. Satellite Chemical had a weekly decrease of 0.4%, a monthly increase of 8.5%, a three - month increase of 4.9%, a one - year increase of 23.2%, and a year - to - date increase of 3.9%. Hualu Hengsheng had a weekly increase of 2.7%, a monthly increase of 14.2%, a three - month increase of 17.8%, a one - year increase of 14.1%, and a year - to - date increase of 14.8%. New Hope Liuhe had a weekly increase of 0.7%, a monthly increase of 4.9%, a three - month increase of 2.9%, a one - year increase of 19.5%, and a year - to - date increase of 7.2% [8]. - **Related Company Profit Tracking**: As of August 15, 2025, for Wanhua Chemical, with a stock price of 63 yuan and a total market value of 197.2 billion yuan, the归母 net profits for 2024A, 2025E, 2026E, and 2027E were 13.033 billion yuan, 13.676 billion yuan, 16.777 billion yuan, and 19.539 billion yuan respectively, with corresponding PEs of 15.1, 14.4, 11.8, and 10.1, and a PB of 2.0 in 2025E. Similar data are provided for other companies such as Baofeng Energy, Satellite Chemical, Hualu Hengsheng, and New Hope Liuhe [8]. - **Polyurethane Industry Chain**: This week, the average price of pure MDI was 17,940 yuan/ton, a week - on - week increase of 100 yuan/ton, with a seven - year quantile of 21%, and a gross profit of 4,572 yuan/ton, a week - on - week increase of 152 yuan/ton, with a seven - year quantile of 60%. Similar data are presented for polymer MDI and TDI [8]. - **Oil, Gas, and Olefin Industry Chain**: - **Raw Material Prices**: This week, the average price of ethane was 21 cents/gallon (1,102 yuan/ton), a week - on - week decrease of 0.54 cents/gallon (28 yuan/ton), with a ten - year quantile of 31% (39%). Similar data are provided for propane, NYMEX natural gas, Brent crude oil, naphtha, steam coal, and methanol [8]. - **Profit Comparison of Different Routes**: For ethylene cracking to produce polyethylene, the profit was 1,343 yuan/ton, a week - on - week increase of 25 yuan/ton, a decrease of 24 yuan/ton compared to the beginning of the year, and a decrease of 346 yuan/ton year - on - year. Similar profit data are presented for other routes such as naphtha cracking and CTO [8]. - **C2 and C3 Segments and Coal Chemical Industry Chain**: Detailed price, price change, quantile, and profit data are provided for various products in the C2 segment (e.g., ethylene, HDPE), C3 segment (e.g., propylene, polypropylene), and coal chemical industry chain (e.g., coking coal, coke, traditional coal chemical products, and new materials) [10]. 3.2 Basic Chemical Weekly Report - **Basic Chemical Index Trend**: No specific content provided in the given text other than the mention of the topic [12]. - **Polyurethane Sector**: The report presents the price trends of pure benzene, pure MDI, polymer MDI, and TDI, as well as the price and profit data of polymer MDI, TDI, and pure MDI [17][18][21]. - **Oil, Gas, and Olefin Sector**: It includes the price trends of MB ethane, NYMEX natural gas, East China propane, Brent crude oil, domestic steam coal, naphtha, and crude oil, as well as the profit data of different production routes such as ethane cracking to produce polyethylene, PDH to produce polypropylene, coal - based production of PE and PP, and naphtha - based production of PE and PP [25][26][34]. - **Coal Chemical Sector**: The report shows the price trends of domestic coking coal, coke, acetic acid, DMF, synthetic ammonia, urea, octanol, caprolactam, adipic acid, and PA6, as well as their corresponding profit data [42][49][54].
机械设备行业跟踪周报:持续推荐内外需共振的工程机械和叉车,看好PCB设备和人形机器人景气向上机会-20250817
Soochow Securities· 2025-08-17 06:18
Investment Rating - The report maintains an "Overweight" rating for the machinery equipment industry, particularly favoring engineering machinery and forklifts, as well as PCB equipment and humanoid robots [1]. Core Insights - The engineering machinery sector is experiencing strong domestic and international demand, with excavator sales in July reaching 7,306 units, a year-on-year increase of 17%. This indicates robust demand resilience in the domestic market [2]. - Forklift sales in July totaled 119,000 units, up 14% year-on-year, with domestic sales at 70,000 units, also reflecting a 14% increase. The sector is expected to maintain steady growth due to recovering demand in Europe and the U.S. [3]. - The humanoid robotics sector is witnessing advancements, highlighted by the successful World Robot Sports Conference, which showcased improvements in robot mobility and decision-making capabilities [4]. Summary by Sections Engineering Machinery - July excavator sales reached 7,306 units, a 17% increase year-on-year, indicating strong demand resilience. The domestic market shows a trend favoring small excavators, particularly in water conservancy projects [2]. - Non-excavator machinery sales also showed positive trends, with significant year-on-year increases in various categories, particularly in the crane segment [2]. - Export volumes reached 9,832 units, a 32% increase year-on-year, driven by strong demand from markets like Africa and Indonesia [2]. - The report highlights the potential for profit margin improvements due to a shift in export structure favoring larger excavators, which have higher profit margins [2]. Forklifts - The forklift industry saw sales of 119,000 units in July, a 14% increase year-on-year, with domestic sales at 70,000 units [3]. - The report emphasizes the growth potential in the forklift sector, driven by domestic demand and recovery in overseas markets [3]. - Key players in the industry are forming strategic partnerships to enhance their technological capabilities and market reach [3]. Humanoid Robots - The World Robot Sports Conference showcased significant advancements in robot capabilities, particularly in mobility and autonomous decision-making [4]. - The report identifies key components for humanoid robots, such as dexterous hands and lightweight materials, as critical areas for investment [4]. - The focus on lightweight materials and applications in logistics is expected to drive growth in the humanoid robotics sector [4]. PCB Equipment - The report notes a significant increase in global server sales, which is expected to drive demand for PCB equipment, with a projected market size of $366 billion by 2025 [9]. - The demand for high-layer and HDI boards is expected to grow significantly, with respective year-on-year increases of 40.2% and 18.8% [10]. - The report suggests focusing on key production processes such as drilling, exposure, and plating, which are critical for PCB manufacturing [10].
卫龙美味(09985):业绩超预期,产品渠道两手抓
Soochow Securities· 2025-08-17 04:03
Investment Rating - The investment rating for the company is "Buy" (maintained) [1] Core Views - The company's performance exceeded expectations, with a focus on both product and channel development [8] - The company achieved a revenue of 34.83 billion yuan in H1 2025, representing a year-on-year increase of 18.5%, and a net profit of 7.36 billion yuan, also up 18.5% year-on-year [8] - The company is expected to benefit from the ongoing trend of konjac products and continuous improvement in channel efficiency, with significant growth potential in overseas markets [8] Financial Forecasts - Total revenue projections for the company are as follows: - 2023: 4,887 million yuan - 2024: 6,266 million yuan (up 28.22% year-on-year) - 2025: 7,274 million yuan (up 16.08% year-on-year) - 2026: 8,381 million yuan (up 15.22% year-on-year) - 2027: 9,504 million yuan (up 13.40% year-on-year) [1][9] - Net profit projections are as follows: - 2023: 880.35 million yuan - 2024: 1,068.51 million yuan (up 21.37% year-on-year) - 2025: 1,462.77 million yuan (up 36.90% year-on-year) - 2026: 1,719.66 million yuan (up 17.56% year-on-year) - 2027: 1,962.70 million yuan (up 14.13% year-on-year) [1][9] - The expected EPS for the years 2025 to 2027 are 0.60 yuan, 0.71 yuan, and 0.81 yuan respectively [1][9] Market Data - The closing price of the company's stock is 13.30 HKD, with a market capitalization of approximately 29,440.32 million HKD [6] - The company has a price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio of 30.54 for 2023, decreasing to 18.38 for 2025 and further to 13.70 for 2027 [1][9]
谁在“做多”,谁仍“畏高”?
Soochow Securities· 2025-08-17 00:04
Core Insights - The report indicates that since the tariff impact in April, the A-share market has entered a four-month trend, showing a gradual bull market pattern. Recent market activity has intensified, with the Shanghai Composite Index breaking through significant resistance levels of 3674 and 3700, and trading volume exceeding 2 trillion yuan [1] Market Participation - Retail investors are beginning to enter the market, but there remains a prevailing "fear of heights" sentiment, leading to low overall participation [2][4] - The "scar effect" from previous market adjustments has dampened retail investors' willingness to engage in A-shares through indirect channels [3] Retail Investor Sentiment - Retail investors are hesitant about the current bull market, primarily due to the need for stronger signals to confirm the trend. They may require more sustained and robust price increases to feel confident [4] - Despite some retail investors increasing their positions, the overall momentum is limited. Recent weeks have seen a net inflow of 113.4 billion yuan from small trades, but this is still significantly lower than the average of 131.2 billion yuan per week in the first quarter [5] Fund Flows and Market Dynamics - The report highlights that speculative trading activity has reached a new high for the year, with an average daily trading amount of 30.8 billion yuan in the first half of August [5] - Leveraged funds have seen continuous net inflows since late June, accumulating over 200 billion yuan, pushing the margin balance above 2 trillion yuan [5] - Private equity has expanded significantly, with the number of registered products reaching 2448, accounting for 45% of all private equity securities products [5] Future Outlook - The report suggests that FOMO (Fear of Missing Out) funds are likely to gradually enter the market, driven by the trend of asset migration among residents [6][8] - Institutional funds, including foreign and insurance capital, are expected to increase their inflows into the market [7][8] - The report recommends focusing on sectors such as consumer electronics, autonomous driving, domestic computing power, AI software, new consumption, and thematic investments like commercial aerospace and brain-computer interfaces [8]
二级资本债周度数据跟踪(20250811-20250815)-20250816
Soochow Securities· 2025-08-16 15:20
Report Industry Investment Rating No relevant content provided. Core Viewpoint of the Report The report presents a weekly data tracking analysis of secondary capital bonds from August 11 to August 15, 2025, covering primary market issuance and stock, secondary market trading, and valuation deviation of individual bonds [1]. Summary by Relevant Catalogs Primary Market Issuance and Stock Situation - This week, 1 new secondary capital bond was issued in the inter - bank and exchange markets, with a scale of 1.5 billion yuan, a maturity of 10 years, an issuer of private enterprise nature, a subject rating of AA+, and the issuer located in Zhejiang Province [1]. - As of August 15, 2025, the outstanding balance of secondary capital bonds reached 4,678.385 billion yuan, a decrease of 49.6 billion yuan from the previous weekend [1]. Secondary Market Trading Situation - This week, the total trading volume of secondary capital bonds was approximately 161.7 billion yuan, an increase of 1.1 billion yuan from last week. The top three bonds in terms of trading volume were 25 Bank of China Secondary Capital Bond 01BC (9.088 billion yuan), 25 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Secondary Capital Bond 01BC (7.077 billion yuan), and 25 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Secondary Capital Bond 02BC (6.736 billion yuan) [2]. - By the region of the issuer, the top three in trading volume were Beijing, Shanghai, and Fujian, with approximately 123 billion yuan, 11.8 billion yuan, and 7.2 billion yuan respectively [2]. - As of August 15, the changes in the yields to maturity of 5Y secondary capital bonds with ratings of AAA -, AA +, and AA compared to last week were 8.09BP, 8.29BP, and 5.29BP respectively; for 7Y secondary capital bonds, the changes were 9.16BP, 7.91BP, and 7.91BP respectively; for 10Y secondary capital bonds, the changes were all 7.95BP [2]. Situation of the Top 30 Individual Bonds in Valuation Deviation % - This week, the overall valuation deviation of the weekly average trading price of secondary capital bonds was not large. The proportion of discount transactions was less than that of premium transactions, and the discount range was greater than the premium range [3]. - Among the discount bonds, the top three in discount rate were 21 Jiutai Rural Commercial Bank Secondary (- 6.9278%), 23 Weifang Bank Secondary Capital Bond 01 (- 0.3655%), and 21 Bank of Ningbo Secondary 02 (- 0.1633%). The implicit ratings of ChinaBond were mainly AA +, AA -, and AA, and the bonds were mainly distributed in Beijing, Zhejiang, and Shandong [3]. - Among the premium bonds, the top four in premium rate were 22 Great Wall Huaxi Secondary Capital Bond 01 (0.9132%), 25 Chouzhou Commercial Bank Secondary Capital Bond 02 (0.6656%), 22 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Secondary Capital Bond 03B (0.5505%), and 21 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Secondary 03 (0.5251%). The implicit ratings of ChinaBond were mainly AAA -, AA +, and AA, and the bonds were mainly distributed in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangdong [3].
绿色债券周度数据跟踪(20250811-20250815)-20250816
Soochow Securities· 2025-08-16 13:37
Report Industry Investment Rating - No industry investment rating information is provided in the report. Core Viewpoints - The report tracks the weekly data of green bonds from August 11 - August 15, 2025, covering primary market issuance, secondary market trading, and valuation deviation of the top 30 individual bonds [1][2][3]. Summary by Related Catalogs Primary Market Issuance - 10 new green bonds were issued in the inter - bank and exchange markets, with a total issuance scale of about 1.3131 billion yuan, an increase of 221.8 million yuan from the previous week [1]. - The issuance terms are mostly 3 years; issuers include local state - owned enterprises, central state - owned enterprises, central enterprise subsidiaries, and central financial enterprises [1]. - The issuer's main credit ratings are AAA and AA+; issuers are from Beijing, Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, Jiangsu, and Inner Mongolia [1]. - The types of issued bonds include ultra - short - term financing bills, ABNs from the Dealer Association, commercial bank ordinary bonds, medium - term notes, private corporate bonds, and general corporate bonds [1]. Secondary Market Trading - The weekly trading volume of green bonds totaled 5.78 billion yuan, an increase of 1.04 billion yuan from the previous week [2]. - By bond type, the top three in trading volume are non - financial corporate credit bonds (2.61 billion yuan), financial institution bonds (2.13 billion yuan), and interest - rate bonds (630 million yuan) [2]. - By issuance term, green bonds with a term of less than 3 years had the highest trading volume, accounting for about 78.96%, indicating continuous market popularity [2]. - By issuer's industry, the top three industries in trading volume are finance (2.47 billion yuan), public utilities (1.2 billion yuan), and transportation equipment (180 million yuan) [2]. - By issuer's region, the top three regions in trading volume are Beijing (1.75 billion yuan), Guangdong (670 million yuan), and Hebei (510 million yuan) [2]. Valuation Deviation of the Top 30 Individual Bonds - The overall deviation of the weekly average trading price valuation of green bonds is not large, with the discount trading range smaller than the premium trading range, and the proportion of discount trading smaller than that of premium trading [3]. - Among the discount bonds, the top three discount rates are for 25 ShuiNeng G1 (- 0.7750%), 21 LinChuan Green Bond 02 (- 0.7466%), and 21 XinYi Green Bond (- 0.2536%), and the rest of the discount rates are within - 0.20%. The main industries of the issuers are finance, construction, and public utilities, and the implied ratings of ChinaBond are mainly AAA -, AA, and AA+ [3]. - Among the premium bonds, the top four premium rates are for 20 HuNan Bond 65 (0.9090%), 25 XiangYu JinXiang MTN003 (green) (0.7237%), 20 GuangDong Bond 05 (0.6806%), and 20 GuangDong Bond 16 (0.6433%), and the rest of the premium rates are within 0.60%. The main industries of the issuers are finance, public utilities, and transportation equipment, and the implied ratings of ChinaBond are mainly AA+, AA, and AAA - [3].
安琪酵母(600298):2025年中报点评:扣非利润大幅增长,国内市场趋势向好
Soochow Securities· 2025-08-16 13:37
Investment Rating - The investment rating for the company is "Buy" (maintained) [1] Core Views - The company reported significant growth in non-recurring profit, with a positive trend in the domestic market [1] - The company achieved a total revenue of 7.899 billion and a net profit attributable to shareholders of 799 million in the first half of 2025, representing a year-on-year growth of 10.10% and 15.66% respectively [7] - The second quarter of 2025 saw revenue and net profit of 4.105 billion and 429 million respectively, with year-on-year increases of 11.19% and 15.35% [7] - The company’s gross margin improved to 26.19% in Q2 2025, up by 2.27 percentage points year-on-year [7] - The domestic market is showing positive trends, with the company’s organizational adjustments expected to yield benefits [7] - The company’s net profit forecast for 2025-2027 is 1.559 billion, 1.869 billion, and 2.134 billion respectively, with growth rates of 17.74%, 19.82%, and 14.23% [7] Financial Summary - Total revenue forecast for 2023A is 13.585 billion, with a year-on-year growth of 5.78% [1] - The projected earnings per share (EPS) for 2025E is 1.80 yuan, with a price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio of 19.83 [1] - The company’s total assets are projected to reach 23.803 billion by 2025E, with a debt-to-asset ratio of 47.78% [8] - The operating cash flow for 2025E is expected to be 2.387 billion [8]
权益ETF系列:波动加剧,但仍然健康上涨
Soochow Securities· 2025-08-16 13:18
Investment Rating - The report maintains an "Overweight" rating for the financial products sector [1] Core Insights - The market is expected to experience a wide-ranging upward trend despite increased volatility, with structural opportunities continuing to emerge [2][18] - Current models indicate a bullish signal, suggesting a market environment similar to the high-growth investment periods of 2019 and 2020 [18] - The overall sentiment remains positive, with a focus on maintaining positions in high-performing stocks while allowing for rotation within sectors [20] Summary by Sections A-share Market Overview (August 11-15, 2025) - The top three broad indices were: ChiNext Index (up 8.58%), Sci-Tech 100 (up 7.32%), and Sci-Tech Comprehensive Index (up 5.66%) [10][11] - The bottom three indices were: Dividend Index (down 1.68%), CSI Dividend (down 1.11%), and Wind Micro-Cap Daily Equal Weight Index (down 0.75%) [10][11] A-share Market Outlook (August 18-22, 2025) - The report anticipates continued healthy growth despite short-term fluctuations, with a risk level of 104.13 indicating an overbought state for the Wind All A Index [18][22] - High prosperity investment indices are outperforming the Shanghai Composite Index, suggesting a favorable environment for high-growth investments [18] Fund Allocation Recommendations - The report suggests a balanced allocation in ETFs, reflecting the anticipated structural market opportunities [2]
北特科技(603009):2025年半年报点评:业绩符合市场预期,机器人贡献第二增长极
Soochow Securities· 2025-08-16 12:55
Investment Rating - The investment rating for the company is "Buy" (maintained) [1] Core Views - The company's performance in the first half of 2025 met market expectations, with revenue of 1.113 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 14.71%, and a net profit of 55 million yuan, up 45.14% year-on-year [7] - The main business is experiencing steady growth, with a gross margin of 19.12% in the first half of 2025, slightly down from the previous year, but the second quarter showed an improvement with a gross margin of 20.03% [7] - The company is expanding its product offerings in the screw rod sector, which is expected to contribute to a second growth curve, particularly with the upcoming Tesla Gen3 model [7] - Effective control of period expenses has been noted, although cash flow is under short-term pressure [7] - The company forecasts a significant increase in net profit for 2025-2027, with expected growth rates of 70%, 66%, and 180% respectively [7] Financial Summary - Total revenue is projected to grow from 2.024 billion yuan in 2024 to 6.224 billion yuan in 2027, with a compound annual growth rate of 108.72% [1][8] - Net profit is expected to rise from 71 million yuan in 2024 to 565 million yuan in 2027, reflecting a strong growth trajectory [1][8] - The company's earnings per share (EPS) is projected to increase from 0.21 yuan in 2024 to 1.67 yuan in 2027 [1][8] - The price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio is expected to decrease from 204.67 in 2024 to 25.86 in 2027, indicating improved valuation over time [1][8]
歌礼制药-B(01672):2025 年中报点评:海外临床进展顺利,远期管线成功概率提升
Soochow Securities· 2025-08-16 09:16
Investment Rating - The investment rating for the company is "Buy" (maintained) [1] Core Insights - The report highlights that the company has made significant progress in its overseas clinical trials, which enhances the probability of success for its long-term pipeline [1] - The revenue forecast for 2025 has been adjusted upwards to 0.02 billion, 0.64 billion, and 2.03 billion for the years 2025, 2026, and 2027 respectively, indicating a positive outlook [1] - The target price has been raised to 29.26 HKD, reflecting increased confidence in the company's pipeline success [1] Financial Performance Summary - Total revenue for 2023 is projected at 56.69 million, with a year-on-year growth of 4.81% [1] - The net profit attributable to the parent company is expected to be negative at (144.72) million for 2023, with a year-on-year increase of 54.04% [1] - The earnings per share (EPS) for 2025 is estimated at (0.43) HKD, with a price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio of (18.70) [1] Pipeline Development - ASC30, the company's core GLP-1 pipeline, is currently in Phase IIa clinical trials in the US, with expected top-line data release in Q4 2025 [1] - ASC47, a new THR-β target pipeline, is also in clinical trials, with data expected in Q4 2025 [1] - ASC50, an oral small molecule for psoriasis, is in Phase I clinical trials, with top-line data anticipated by the end of 2025 [1] - The company has a strong cash position of 1.58 billion at the end of H1 2025, which supports ongoing research and development [1]