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有色钢铁行业周观点(2026年第4周):金银比突破50,贵金属有望带领工业金属加速上涨
Orient Securities· 2026-01-26 00:45
Investment Rating - The report maintains a "Positive" outlook on the non-ferrous metals industry [5] Core Viewpoints - The gold-silver ratio has broken through 50, indicating that precious metals are likely to lead industrial metals in accelerating price increases. Recent significant price increases in silver reflect a broader trend of rising physical metal prices as a response to the weakening trust in fiat currency systems [7][12] - The long-term debt cycle is entering its late stage, with rising physical metal prices signaling a loss of confidence in existing fiat currency systems. This trend is expected to continue, with precious metals likely to set new historical price records in 2026 [12] - Zinc is viewed as an overlooked foundational material in the context of de-globalization, with favorable supply-demand dynamics suggesting continued price increases. The report highlights the potential for increased demand from re-industrialization efforts in Asia, Africa, and Latin America [13] - The aluminum sector is expected to benefit from geopolitical concerns, with China's electrolytic aluminum industry poised to enjoy valuation premiums due to its supply chain security and competitive advantages [13] Summary by Sections Precious Metals - The report emphasizes the potential for precious metals to lead industrial metals in price increases, driven by a breakdown in the gold-silver ratio and a late-stage long-term debt cycle [7][12] - Specific investment opportunities include companies like Chifeng Jilong Gold Mining (600988) and others in the precious metals sector [7] Zinc Sector - The report identifies zinc as a critical material in the context of re-industrialization, with supply constraints and increasing demand expected to drive prices higher [13] Aluminum Sector - The report highlights the competitive advantages of China's electrolytic aluminum industry, which is expected to benefit from geopolitical tensions and supply chain security [13] Steel Sector - The steel industry is currently facing weak fundamentals as it approaches the seasonal low period before the Spring Festival, with expectations for policy measures to support the industry [14] - Steel production and consumption metrics indicate a slight increase in iron output but a decrease in rebar demand, reflecting a mixed outlook for the sector [19][26] New Energy Metals - The report notes significant increases in lithium and cobalt prices, with production metrics showing substantial year-on-year growth in lithium carbonate output [37][46] - The demand for new energy vehicles remains strong, with production and sales figures indicating continued growth in the sector [41] Industrial Metals - The report discusses the overall upward trend in industrial metal prices, driven by political policy risks and supply reduction expectations [56] - Specific metrics indicate rising copper production and declining refining fees, suggesting a tightening supply environment [57]
有色钢铁行业周观点(2026年第4周):金银比突破50,贵金属有望带领工业金属加速上涨-20260126
Orient Securities· 2026-01-26 00:15
Investment Rating - The report maintains a "Positive" outlook on the non-ferrous metals industry [5] Core Insights - The gold-silver ratio has broken through 50, indicating that precious metals are likely to lead industrial metals in accelerating price increases. Recent significant price increases in silver reflect a broader trend of rising physical metal prices as a response to the weakening trust in fiat currency systems [7][12] - The long-term debt cycle is entering its late stage, with rising physical metal prices signaling a loss of confidence in existing fiat currency systems. This trend is expected to continue into 2026, with precious metals likely to set new historical price records [12] - Zinc is identified as an overlooked material in the context of de-globalization, with favorable supply-demand dynamics suggesting continued price increases. The report highlights the potential for increased demand from re-industrialization efforts in Asia, Africa, and Latin America [13] - The aluminum sector is expected to benefit from geopolitical concerns, with China's electrolytic aluminum industry poised to enjoy valuation premiums due to its supply chain security and competitive advantages [13] Summary by Sections Precious Metals - The report emphasizes the importance of precious metals in preserving wealth amid a declining trust in fiat currencies, recommending active investment in this sector [12] Zinc Sector - The report suggests that zinc, as a fundamental material for de-globalization, will see increased demand driven by infrastructure needs in emerging markets, despite current market skepticism [13] Aluminum Sector - The electrolytic aluminum industry in China is expected to benefit from enhanced supply chain security and competitive advantages, with a positive outlook for profitability and valuation [13] Steel Industry - The steel sector is currently facing weak fundamentals as it approaches the seasonal low around the Spring Festival, with expectations for policy measures to support the industry [14] - Steel production has seen a slight increase, but demand for rebar is weakening, indicating a mixed outlook for the sector [19] New Energy Metals - Lithium and carbonate prices have shown significant increases, with production levels rising sharply, indicating strong demand in the new energy vehicle sector [37][41] - The report notes a substantial increase in the production of lithium carbonate and hydroxide, reflecting the growing demand for electric vehicles [37] Industrial Metals - The report indicates that political risks and supply constraints are contributing to an overall increase in industrial metal prices, with copper production expected to rise despite declining refining fees [56][57]
有色金属周报:避险情绪发酵,贵金属价格冲高-20260125
Ping An Securities· 2026-01-25 11:49
Investment Rating - The industry investment rating is "Outperform the Market" (maintained) [1][58]. Core Viewpoints - Precious Metals - Gold: The price of precious metals has surged due to heightened risk aversion, with the COMEX gold futures contract reaching $4983.1 per ounce, an increase of 8.3% month-on-month. The SPDR Gold ETF saw a 0.1% increase to 1087 tons. Factors such as the U.S. imposing tariffs on European countries opposing its claim over Greenland and potential sales of U.S. Treasury bonds by Europe have contributed to this trend. The weakening dollar credit is expected to continue, supporting the upward trend in gold prices [4]. - Industrial Metals: There is optimism regarding the upward trend in industrial metal prices, particularly copper, aluminum, and tin, driven by tightening supply and increasing demand [5]. Summary by Sections 1. Precious Metals - Gold: As of January 23, the COMEX gold futures price reached $4983.1 per ounce, reflecting an 8.3% increase. The SPDR Gold ETF holdings increased by 0.1% to 1087 tons. The ongoing U.S. debt issues and central bank gold purchases are expected to support gold prices in the long term [4]. 2. Industrial Metals - Copper: As of January 23, the SHFE copper futures price rose by 0.57% to 101340 yuan per ton. Domestic copper social inventory was 330,200 tons, while LME copper inventory was 171,700 tons. The tightening supply expectations and the anticipated Fed rate cuts are expected to drive copper prices higher [6]. - Aluminum: The SHFE aluminum futures price increased by 1.5% to 24290 yuan per ton. Domestic aluminum social inventory was 743,000 tons. The market is expected to see stable prices with a tightening supply-demand balance [6]. - Tin: The SHFE tin futures price rose by 6% to 429,600 yuan per ton. Domestic social inventory was 10,678 tons. Supply concerns due to geopolitical issues and increasing demand from AI technology are expected to keep tin prices elevated [6]. 3. Investment Recommendations - The report suggests focusing on the following sectors: - Gold: Continued uncertainty in overseas macro conditions supports gold's safe-haven attributes. Recommended stock: Chifeng Jilong Gold Mining. - Copper: Domestic demand recovery and tightening supply are expected to support copper prices. Recommended stock: Luoyang Molybdenum. - Aluminum: The strong supply-demand dynamics are expected to drive aluminum prices higher. Recommended stock: Tianshan Aluminum [7][55].
有色金属大宗金属周报(2026/1/19-2026/1/23):库存累积,铜铝价格高位震荡-20260125
Hua Yuan Zheng Quan· 2026-01-25 09:03
Investment Rating - The investment rating for the non-ferrous metals industry is "Positive" (maintained) [4] Core Views - The report highlights that copper prices are experiencing high-level fluctuations amidst inventory accumulation, with short-term price adjustments expected to be limited due to the financial attributes of copper supported by rising gold prices. The supply-demand balance for copper may shift from tight equilibrium to shortage in the medium to long term, driven by insufficient capital expenditure in copper mines and frequent supply disruptions. The report suggests monitoring companies such as Zijin Mining, Luoyang Molybdenum, Jiangxi Copper, and others [5] - For aluminum, the report notes that both alumina and aluminum prices are under pressure due to high inventory levels. The short-term outlook for aluminum prices is expected to remain stable amidst high demand, particularly in the air conditioning and consumer goods sectors [5] - Lithium demand remains strong despite seasonal trends, with lithium carbonate prices entering an upward cycle driven by supply-demand reversal. The report recommends focusing on companies with high self-sufficiency in lithium resources [5] - Cobalt prices are expected to continue rising due to tight raw material supply, with the report suggesting companies like Huayou Cobalt and others for investment [5] Summary by Sections 1. Industry Overview - The report provides insights into macroeconomic indicators, including the U.S. core PCE price index and unemployment claims, which align with expectations [9] - Key announcements include Zijin Mining's completion of the second phase of the Jilong Copper Mine, significantly increasing its production capacity [10] 2. Market Performance - The non-ferrous metals sector outperformed the Shanghai Composite Index, with a weekly increase of 6.03% compared to the index's 0.84% rise [11] - The report lists the top-performing stocks in the sector, highlighting significant movements in various sub-sectors [11] 3. Valuation Changes - The report notes that the TTM PE for the non-ferrous metals sector is 33.82, with a change of 1.79, while the PB is 4.18, reflecting a significant premium over the broader market [20][23]
避险情绪降温,累库速度放缓:铝行业周报-20260125
Guohai Securities· 2026-01-25 08:32
Investment Rating - The report maintains a "Recommended" rating for the aluminum industry [1] Core Views - The report indicates a decrease in risk aversion and a slowdown in inventory accumulation, suggesting a more favorable macroeconomic environment for the aluminum sector [6][10] - The aluminum price is expected to remain volatile at high levels, with a long-term outlook indicating limited supply growth against a backdrop of increasing demand [10] Summary by Sections 1. Prices - As of January 23, 2026, the LME three-month aluminum closing price was $3173.5 per ton, up $39.5 from the previous week, marking a 1.3% week-on-week increase and a 20.6% year-on-year increase [22] - The Shanghai aluminum active contract closing price was 24290.0 CNY per ton, up 365.0 CNY from the previous week, reflecting a 1.5% week-on-week increase and a 19.6% year-on-year increase [22] - The average price of A00 aluminum in Changjiang was 24130.0 CNY per ton, up 130.0 CNY week-on-week, representing a 0.5% increase and a 19.5% year-on-year increase [22] 2. Production - In December 2025, the production of electrolytic aluminum was 378.1 million tons, a month-on-month increase of 14.4 million tons and a year-on-year increase of 5.5% [55] - The production of alumina in December 2025 was 752.0 million tons, up 8.0 million tons month-on-month and up 2.5% year-on-year [55] 3. Inventory - As of January 22, 2026, the inventory of electrolytic aluminum ingots in major domestic consumption areas was 743,000 tons, with a week-on-week increase of 7,000 tons, indicating a slight slowdown in inventory accumulation [7] - The report notes that the overall inventory levels have not peaked, suggesting ongoing supply-demand imbalances in the market [7] 4. Key Companies and Earnings Forecast - Key companies highlighted include China Hongqiao, Tianshan Aluminum, Shenhuo Co., China Aluminum, and Yunnan Aluminum, all rated as "Buy" with projected earnings per share (EPS) growth for 2026 [5] - China Hongqiao's stock price was 32.16 CNY with an EPS forecast of 2.77 CNY for 2026, reflecting a price-to-earnings (PE) ratio of 11.6 [5] 5. Demand - The report indicates that downstream demand remains subdued, with only essential purchases being made due to high aluminum prices and a seasonal demand lull [7] - The overall operating rate for aluminum processing was recorded at 60.9%, showing a slight increase but indicating mixed performance across different segments [7]
有色金属行业2026年投资策略:资源大周期,把握金属全面牛市
Southwest Securities· 2026-01-23 10:36
Core Insights - The report highlights a bullish outlook for the metals sector, driven by macroeconomic factors such as the Federal Reserve's interest rate cuts and a recovering global economy, particularly in China [3][44] - Key investment themes for 2026 include expanding demand for precious metals like gold and silver, improving fundamentals for aluminum and copper, strategic opportunities in rare earths, and supply-side disruptions due to overcapacity in certain sectors [3][4] Group 1: Precious Metals - The report suggests a long-term bullish view on gold, with expectations of price increases driven by anticipated interest rate cuts and geopolitical tensions, which enhance gold's appeal as a safe-haven asset [3][44] - Silver is also highlighted as a key investment opportunity due to its high price ratio to gold, indicating potential for significant price appreciation [3] - Specific companies to watch include Shandong Gold (600547.SH) and Zijin Mining (601899.SH), which are expected to benefit from increased production and operational efficiencies [4] Group 2: Industrial Metals - The report notes that aluminum and copper are set to see improved profitability due to lower production costs and increased demand, particularly in the context of infrastructure investments [3][4] - Companies such as Zhongfu Industrial (600595.SH) and Zijin Mining (601899.SH) are identified as having strong positions in the copper market, with expected profit growth [4] - The report emphasizes the importance of monitoring supply chain dynamics, particularly in copper, where inventory levels are shifting significantly [18][58] Group 3: Rare Earths and Strategic Metals - The report identifies rare earth elements as a critical area for investment, particularly in light of geopolitical tensions between the US and China, which may create opportunities for companies involved in rare earth mining and processing [3][4] - Companies like Northern Rare Earth (600111.SH) and China Rare Earth (000831.SZ) are highlighted for their potential to benefit from price increases in rare earth materials [4] Group 4: Energy Metals - The report discusses the rebound in lithium and nickel prices, driven by strong demand from the battery sector, with specific mention of companies like Tianqi Lithium (002466.SZ) and Ganfeng Lithium (002460.SZ) [4][27] - The expected growth in energy storage solutions is also noted as a significant driver for demand in these metals [4] Group 5: Overall Market Performance - The overall performance of the non-ferrous metals sector is noted to have outperformed the broader market, with a cumulative increase of 96.46% in 2025 compared to a 21.65% increase in the Shanghai Composite Index [33][35] - The report indicates that while the sector has seen significant gains, valuations are currently at historical averages, suggesting potential for further growth [35]
01月22日铝23753.33元/吨 60天上涨11.04%
Xin Lang Cai Jing· 2026-01-23 06:42
据生意社监测,铝01月22日最新价格23753.33元/吨,最近60天上涨11.04%。 据生意社监测,铝01月22日最新价格23753.33元/吨,最近60天上涨11.04%。 相关生产商有:中国铝业(601600)云铝股份(000807)神火股份(000933)焦作万方(000612)中孚实业 (600595)中国宏桥(01378)金瑞矿业(600714)电投能源(002128)天山铝业(002532)等。 相关生产商有:中国铝业(601600)云铝股份(000807)神火股份(000933)焦作万方(000612)中孚实业 (600595)中国宏桥(01378)金瑞矿业(600714)电投能源(002128)天山铝业(002532)等。 ...
中金:电解铝选股建议重点关注三条标准 予中国宏桥“跑赢行业”评级 目标价升至42.79港元
Zhi Tong Cai Jing· 2026-01-22 02:38
Core Viewpoint - The report from CICC suggests focusing on three stock selection criteria in the electrolytic aluminum industry: companies with high capacity-to-market value ratio and significant earnings elasticity with rising aluminum prices, those with overseas expansion capabilities and strong growth potential, and prioritizing companies with high alumina self-sufficiency rates amid current low alumina prices [1] Group 1: Stock Recommendations - CICC maintains a "outperform industry" rating for China Hongqiao (01378), raising the target price from 29.29 HKD to 42.79 HKD [1] - Recommended stocks include: China Hongqiao, Nanshan Aluminum (600219) International H-share (02610/target price 77.76 HKD), Nanshan Aluminum A-share (600219.SH/target price 7.25 RMB), China Aluminum (601600) (02600/target price 17.04 HKD), Tianshan Aluminum (002532) (002532.SZ/target price 22.67 RMB), and Huatong Cable (605196), all rated "outperform industry" [1] Group 2: Industry Trends - Chinese aluminum companies are accelerating their overseas expansion due to domestic bauxite shortages and production capacity limits since 2017, with early movers gaining competitive advantages in resource-rich regions [2] - Companies like China Hongqiao are targeting low-cost regions, particularly in Indonesia, for alumina sourcing, while Guinea's bauxite mining is expected to produce around 170 million tons by 2025, with China Hongqiao projected to be the largest producer at 71 million tons [2] Group 3: Price and Cost Dynamics - The aluminum price increase benefits all electrolytic aluminum companies, with those having a high capacity-to-market value ratio showing greater potential for price appreciation [3] - Companies with alumina self-sufficiency above 100% can benefit from rising alumina prices, as it becomes an internalized cost, leading to increased sales profits [3] - Companies with high self-generated electricity ratios, like China Hongqiao and Nanshan Aluminum, are positioned to benefit from falling coal prices, while those with lower ratios face greater cost sensitivity [4] Group 4: Future Outlook - The outlook for aluminum prices is positive, driven by a growing supply-demand gap and supportive global fiscal and monetary policies, with potential for significant profit expansion as costs remain low [5] - China Hongqiao, Yun Aluminum (000807), and Zhongfu Industrial (600595) are identified as companies with relatively high valuation elasticity, expected to rank among the top performers in 2025 with projected price increases of 177%, 134%, and 171% respectively [5]
中金:电解铝选股建议重点关注三条标准 予中国宏桥(01378)“跑赢行业”评级 目标价升至42.79港元
智通财经网· 2026-01-22 02:31
Core Viewpoint - The report from CICC suggests focusing on three key stock selection criteria in the electrolytic aluminum industry: companies with high capacity-to-market value ratios and significant earnings elasticity from rising aluminum prices, those with strong overseas expansion capabilities, and prioritizing companies with high alumina self-sufficiency rates amid potential production shutdowns and policy changes [1] Group 1: Stock Selection Criteria - Companies with high capacity-to-market value ratios will benefit more from rising aluminum prices [1] - Firms with overseas expansion capabilities are expected to show stronger growth [1] - Companies with high alumina self-sufficiency rates are preferred, especially as alumina prices have reached a low point [1] Group 2: Company Recommendations - China Hongqiao (01378) is rated "outperform" with a target price raised from 29.29 HKD to 42.79 HKD [1] - Other recommended stocks include Nanshan Aluminum International H shares (02610, target price 77.76 HKD), Nanshan Aluminum A shares (600219.SH, target price 7.25 RMB), China Aluminum (02600, target price 17.04 HKD), Tianshan Aluminum (002532.SZ, target price 22.67 RMB), and Huatong Cable, all rated "outperform" [1] Group 3: Industry Trends - Chinese aluminum companies are accelerating their overseas expansion due to domestic bauxite shortages and production capacity limits since 2017 [2] - Companies like China Hongqiao are establishing a presence in low-cost regions, particularly in Indonesia [2] - Guinea's bauxite mining is becoming increasingly active, with projections of 170 million tons by 2025, and China Hongqiao expected to be the largest producer in Guinea [2] Group 4: Price and Cost Dynamics - The aluminum price increase benefits all electrolytic aluminum companies, with those having a high capacity-to-market value ratio showing greater valuation elasticity [3] - Companies with alumina self-sufficiency above 100% will see increased profits from alumina sales as prices rise [3] - Companies with high self-generated electricity ratios, like China Hongqiao and Nanshan Aluminum, will benefit more from falling coal prices compared to those with lower ratios [4] Group 5: Market Outlook - The industry anticipates a significant revaluation opportunity due to rising aluminum prices and expanding profit margins per ton of aluminum [5] - The supply-demand gap in electrolytic aluminum is expected to widen, supported by favorable fiscal and monetary policies globally [5] - The average valuation for electrolytic aluminum companies is projected to remain around 10 times, indicating substantial upward revaluation potential [5]
期货市场交易指引2026年01月22日-20260122
Chang Jiang Qi Huo· 2026-01-22 01:12
Report Industry Investment Ratings - **Macro Finance**: Index futures are bullish in the long - term and suggest buying on dips; Treasury bonds are expected to trade in a range [1] - **Black Building Materials**: Coking coal suggests short - term trading; Rebar suggests range trading; Glass suggests selling on rallies [1] - **Non - ferrous Metals**: Copper suggests closing long positions on rallies and waiting; Aluminum suggests strengthening observation; Nickel suggests waiting and seeing; Tin suggests range trading or taking profits on previous long positions; Gold suggests range trading; Silver is expected to be relatively strong; Lithium carbonate is expected to trade in a range [1] - **Energy Chemicals**: PVC suggests a low - buying strategy; Caustic soda and soda ash suggest temporary waiting; Styrene, rubber, urea, and methanol suggest range trading; Polyolefins are expected to be weakly volatile [1] - **Cotton Textile Industry Chain**: Cotton and cotton yarn are expected to adjust in a range; Apples and jujubes are expected to be weakly volatile [1] - **Agriculture and Animal Husbandry**: Pigs suggest waiting for rallies to short; Eggs suggest not shorting in the short - term; Corn suggests caution when chasing highs and waiting for rallies to hedge; Soybean meal suggests shorting on rallies; Oils and fats are expected to be weakly volatile [1] Core Views The report provides trading guidance for various futures products based on their market fundamentals, supply - demand relationships, and geopolitical and macro - economic factors. It analyzes the current situation, future trends, and trading strategies for each product [1] Summary by Category Macro Finance - **Index Futures**: In the long - term, they are bullish. Due to reduced geopolitical disturbances, they may trade in a range. It is recommended to buy on dips [1][5] - **Treasury Bonds**: They are expected to trade in a range. There is a relay from trading to allocation, with yields on the long - end falling more [5] Black Building Materials - **Coking Coal**: It is expected to trade in a range. Due to weak fundamentals and high inventory pressure, short - term trading is recommended [6][7] - **Rebar**: It is expected to trade in a range. With neutral valuation and short - term supply - demand balance, range trading is the main strategy [7] - **Glass**: It is expected to be weakly volatile. With inventory transfer to the middle - stream and weakening demand, it is recommended to sell on rallies [8][9] Non - ferrous Metals - **Copper**: It is expected to fall after rising. With short - term support weakening and inventory increasing, it is recommended to close long positions on rallies [10][11] - **Aluminum**: It is expected to trade at a high level. With supply increasing and demand entering the off - season, it is recommended to strengthen observation [13] - **Nickel**: It is expected to trade in a range. With a mixed fundamental situation and full market pricing, it is recommended to wait and see [14][15] - **Tin**: It is expected to trade in a range. With tight supply and stable demand, range trading or taking profits on previous long positions is recommended [16] - **Silver**: It is expected to be relatively strong. Due to geopolitical tensions and economic data trends, it is recommended to hold long positions and be cautious when opening new positions [17] - **Gold**: It is expected to trade in a range. Affected by geopolitical and economic factors, range trading is recommended and chasing highs should be cautious [17] - **Lithium Carbonate**: It is expected to trade in a range. With supply and demand factors in balance, price volatility is expected to continue [18] Energy Chemicals - **PVC**: The bottom may have been reached. With weak domestic demand and high inventory, but low valuation and potential policy support, a long - term low - buying strategy is recommended [18][20] - **Caustic Soda**: It is expected to trade at a low level. With high supply and weak demand, it is recommended to wait and see [20] - **Styrene**: It is expected to trade in a range. With high valuation and uncertain cost - supply - demand improvement, range trading is recommended [21][22] - **Rubber**: It is expected to trade in a range. With supply reduction and inventory increase, and no obvious driving force, range trading is recommended [22][23] - **Urea**: It is expected to trade in a range. With supply increasing and demand stable, it is recommended to trade within a range of 1730 - 1830 [24][25] - **Methanol**: It is expected to trade in a range. With supply recovery and weak traditional demand, and some regions being strong, range trading is recommended [25] - **Polyolefins**: They are expected to be weakly volatile. With cost support and inventory transfer, the upside is limited, and shorting on rallies is recommended [26][27] - **Soda Ash**: It is recommended to wait and see. With supply contraction and cost support, the downside may be limited [28] Cotton Textile Industry Chain - **Cotton and Cotton Yarn**: They are expected to adjust in a range. With production reduction and consumption increase, short - term caution and long - term optimism are recommended [29] - **Apples**: They are expected to be weakly volatile. With slow sales in the main production areas and price fluctuations [29] - **Jujubes**: They are expected to be weakly volatile. With the end of raw material acquisition in Xinjiang and stable market transactions [31] Agriculture and Animal Husbandry - **Pigs**: They are expected to form a bottom in a range. With high supply pressure in the short - term and slow capacity reduction in the long - term, shorting on rallies and hedging on profits are recommended [31][33] - **Eggs**: They are expected to rebound from a low level. With low - level spot price increase and uncertain long - term supply, shorting should be cautious and hedging on rallies can be considered [33][34] - **Corn**: It is expected to correct from a high level. With short - term supply - demand balance and long - term supply being relatively loose, caution when chasing highs and hedging on rallies are recommended [35][36] - **Soybean Meal**: It is expected to trade at a low level. With short - term support and long - term pressure, shorting on rallies is recommended [37][38] - **Oils and Fats**: The rebound is limited. With different supply - demand situations for different varieties, short - term caution when chasing highs and spread trading are recommended [38][43]