宏观避险情绪
Search documents
新能源周报:宏观避险情绪,引发价格巨震-20260323
Guo Mao Qi Huo· 2026-03-23 05:39
1. Report Industry Investment Rating - There is no specific industry investment rating provided in the report. 2. Core Viewpoints - For industrial silicon, the price is expected to fluctuate with a slightly upward trend due to sporadic restarts in major production areas on the supply side, a slight increase in weekly output of polysilicon and a slight decrease in organosilicon on the demand side, and continuous inventory reduction but still high inventory levels [6]. - For polysilicon, due to the poor liquidity of existing contracts, investors are reminded to pay attention to price fluctuations and liquidity risks and participate cautiously [7]. - For lithium carbonate, the futures price is expected to fluctuate. It is under pressure from macro - hedging and slow inventory reduction, but supported by demand. In the short term, due to the unclear macro - situation, investors are advised to participate cautiously [72]. 3. Summary According to the Directory 3.1 Industrial Silicon (SI) - **Supply**: National weekly output is 6.73 tons, a 1.55% week - on - week increase; the number of open furnaces is 204, a net increase of 2. In February, the output was 27.57 tons, a 26.58% month - on - month decrease and a 4.77% year - on - year decrease. The planned output for March is 34.54 tons, a 25.27% month - on - month increase and a 0.99% year - on - year increase [6]. - **Demand**: For polysilicon, the weekly output is 1.97 tons, a 0.36% week - on - week increase; the factory inventory is 38.01 tons, a 1.92% week - on - week increase; the profit per ton is about - 3663 yuan, a 2000 - yuan decrease per ton week - on - week. For organosilicon, the DMC weekly output is 4.15 tons, a 0.95% week - on - week decrease; the factory inventory is 4.91 tons, a 6.51% week - on - week increase; the gross profit per ton is 885.63 yuan, a 464 - yuan decrease per ton week - on - week [6]. - **Inventory**: The national average cost per ton is 9072.06 yuan, a 0.01% week - on - week decrease; the gross profit per ton is - 109 yuan, a 3.26% week - on - week increase. In major production areas, the gross profit has decreased [6]. - **Cost and Profit**: The national average cost per ton is 9073 yuan, a 0.01% week - on - week increase; the gross profit per ton is - 105 yuan, an 11 - yuan increase per ton week - on - week. In major production areas, the gross profit has decreased [6]. - **Investment View**: The price is expected to fluctuate with a slightly upward trend [6]. - **Trading Strategy**: Unilateral trading should be based on a fluctuating market. Risks to be concerned about include production reduction and restart disturbances from large factories and changes in environmental protection policies [6]. 3.2 Polysilicon (PS) - **Supply**: The national weekly output is 1.97 tons, a 0.36% week - on - week increase. In February, the output was 7.7 tons, a 23.61% month - on - month decrease and a 14.54% year - on - year decrease. The planned output for March is 8.49 tons, a 10.26% month - on - month increase and an 11.65% year - on - year decrease [7]. - **Demand**: The weekly output of silicon wafers is 10.68GW, a 1.41% week - on - week decrease; the gross profit per GW is - 32410 yuan, a 1200 - yuan increase week - on - week; the factory inventory is 27.65GW, a 2.47% week - on - week decrease [7]. - **Inventory**: The factory inventory is 38.01 tons, a 1.92% week - on - week increase; the registered warehouse receipts are 29430 tons, an 8.23% week - on - week decrease [7]. - **Cost and Profit**: The national average cost per ton is 44190 yuan, unchanged week - on - week; the gross profit per ton is - 3663 yuan, a 2000 - yuan decrease week - on - week [7]. - **Investment View**: Due to the poor liquidity of existing contracts, investors are reminded to pay attention to price fluctuations and liquidity risks and participate cautiously [7]. - **Trading Strategy**: Unilateral trading should be on a wait - and - see basis. Risks to be concerned about include production reduction and restart disturbances from large factories and changes in anti - involution policies [7]. 3.3 Lithium Carbonate (LC) - **Supply**: The national weekly output is 2.42 tons, a 3.24% week - on - week increase. In February, the output was 8.31 tons, a 15.13% month - on - month decrease and a 35.00% year - on - year increase. The planned output for March is about 10.64 tons, a 28.04% month - on - month increase and a 34.56% year - on - year increase [72]. - **Import**: In February, the import volume of lithium carbonate was 2.64 tons, a 1.61% month - on - month decrease and a 114.36% year - on - year increase. In January, the import volume of lithium concentrate was 63.59 tons, a 1.26% month - on - month increase and a 32.16% year - on - year increase [72]. - **Material Demand**: For iron - lithium materials, the weekly output is 11.45 tons, a 1.00% week - on - week increase; the factory inventory is 10.67 tons, a 0.89% week - on - week increase. For ternary materials, the weekly output is 1.95 tons, a 0.57% week - on - week increase; the factory inventory is 1.84 tons, a 2.25% week - on - week increase [72]. - **Terminal Demand**: In February, the output of new energy vehicles was 69.45 vehicles, a 33.27% month - on - month decrease and a 21.76% year - on - year decrease; the sales volume was 76.48 vehicles, a 19.05% month - on - month decrease and a 14.23% year - on - year decrease. The winning bid power/scale for energy storage in February was 5.45GW/26.4GWH, a 40.24% month - on - month decrease and a 14.29% increase/year - on - year increase of 66.16%/204.85% [72]. - **Inventory**: The social inventory (including warehouse receipts) is 9.89 tons, a 0.09% week - on - week decrease. The inventory of lithium salt factories is 1.66 tons, a 1.94% week - on - week increase; the inventory of downstream sectors (cathode factories, battery factories, and traders) is 8.23 tons, a 0.49% week - on - week decrease [72]. - **Cost and Profit**: For lithium extraction from purchased ore, the cash production cost of lithium mica is 141044 yuan/ton, a 6.86% week - on - week decrease; the production profit is 6289 yuan/ton, a 5347 - yuan increase per ton week - on - week. The cash production cost of lithium spodumene is 150779 yuan/ton, a 3.73% week - on - week decrease; the production profit is - 250 yuan/ton, a 478 - yuan increase per ton week - on - week [72]. - **Investment View**: The futures price of lithium carbonate is expected to fluctuate. It is under pressure from macro - hedging and slow inventory reduction, but supported by demand. In the short term, due to the unclear macro - situation, investors are advised to participate cautiously [72]. - **Trading Strategy**: Unilateral trading should be based on a fluctuating market. Risks to be concerned about include production reduction disturbances at the ore end, changes in environmental protection policies, and disturbances from large power factories [72].
天然橡胶日度策略报告-20260303
Fang Zheng Zhong Qi Qi Huo· 2026-03-03 05:06
Group 1: Report Industry Investment Rating - No relevant content found Group 2: Core Viewpoints of the Report - On Monday, the chemical sector rose significantly as the conflict between the US and Iran escalated, leading to a sharp increase in crude oil prices and driving up synthetic rubber prices. The spot price of natural rubber also increased. However, attention should be paid to potential changes in the US - Iran situation and China's response to new tariff measures [3]. - After the Spring Festival, the sentiment in the commodity market improved. In terms of supply - demand fundamentals, rubber - producing areas are entering the off - season, with raw material prices firm. Downstream demand is in a seasonal slump, and inventory is accumulating seasonally. In the long - term, the oversupply situation is expected to improve, and the rubber price center is expected to rise [3]. - The trading strategy is to partially take profit on long single - sided rubber positions after a breakthrough, avoid chasing high prices in a volatile macro environment. The support and pressure levels for RU and NR contracts are provided [3]. Group 3: Summary by Directory First Part: Rubber Variety Viewpoint Summary - For rubber, the recommended strategy is to buy on dips, with the main logic being the resonance of macro sentiment and overseas raw materials. The support range is 16000 - 16900, the pressure range is 17100 - 17500, and the market is expected to rise in a volatile manner. For 20 - number rubber, the recommended strategy is also to buy on dips, as dark - colored rubber has reached an inventory inflection point and the Thai glue price is firm. The support range is 13400 - 13600, the pressure range is 13900 - 14200, and the market is expected to rise in a volatile manner [9]. Second Part: Futures Market Review 1. Futures Market Review - The closing price of the rubber main - continuous contract is 17245, with a daily increase of 0.91% and a daily change of 155. The trading volume is 364042, and the open interest is 170621. The closing price of the 20 - number rubber main - continuous contract is 13870, with a daily increase of 0.62% and a daily change of 85. The trading volume is 65365, and the open interest is 31588. The closing price of the Singapore TSR20 main - continuous contract is 201, with a daily decrease of 0.10% and a daily change of 0 [9]. 2. Futures Market Warehouse Receipt Situation - The latest warehouse receipt volume of 20 - number rubber is 50601, with a year - on - year change of - 0.60%. The warehouse receipt has rebounded from a low level, and there are expectations of inventory accumulation. The latest warehouse receipt volume of rubber is 115070, with a year - on - year change of - 40.89%. The warehouse receipts were significantly cancelled today, and the futures inventory decreased sharply year - on - year, increasing the delivery risk of RU futures contracts and supporting the RU futures price [14]. Third Part: Spot Market Trends - The spot price of natural rubber is 16917 yuan/ton, with a month - on - month change of - 109 and a year - on - year change of - 215. The price of Yunnan glue is 14200 yuan/ton, with no month - on - month change and a year - on - year change of - 1800. The price of Thai Haad Yai glue is 68 Thai baht/kg, with no month - on - month change and a year - on - year change of - 2. The price of Thai Haad Yai cup rubber is 58 Thai baht/kg, with a month - on - month change of 1 and a year - on - year change of - 4. The price of Thai 20 standard rubber in Qingdao Free Trade Zone is 2060 US dollars/ton, with no month - on - month change and a year - on - year change of - 90 [19]. Fourth Part: Basis and Spread Situation - The basis of the RU main contract is - 238, with a month - on - month change of - 113 and a year - on - year change of 315. The basis of the NR main contract is 1935, with a month - on - month change of 90 and a year - on - year change of 460. The non - standard basis of Thai mixed - RU is - 1300, with a month - on - month change of - 10 and a year - on - year change of - 770. The non - standard basis of SVR3L - RU is - 5, with no month - on - month change and a year - on - year change of 105. The spread between RU and NR is 3375, with a month - on - month change of - 15 and a year - on - year change of 1080. The spread between full - latex and Thai mixed is 520, with a month - on - month change of - 90 and a year - on - year change of 275 [24]. Fifth Part: Inter - month Spread Situation - For rubber, the 5 - 9 spread is 145, with a month - on - month change of 40 and a year - on - year change of 285. It is expected to fluctuate within a range, and the recommended strategy is to wait and see. For 20 - number rubber, the 3 - 4 spread is - 75, with a month - on - month change of - 40 and a year - on - year change of - 435. It is expected to fluctuate within a range, and the recommended strategy is to wait and see [26]. Sixth Part: Industry Supply - Demand and Inventory Situation - No detailed data summary in the given content, but it is mentioned that the supply of raw materials is limited as rubber - producing areas enter the off - season, downstream demand is weak, and inventory is accumulating seasonally [3]. Seventh Part: Option - related Data - No detailed data summary in the given content, but relevant figures are provided such as the trading volume and open interest of natural rubber options, the put - call ratio, historical volatility, and implied volatility [35][37].
天然橡胶月度策略报告-20260227
Fang Zheng Zhong Qi Qi Huo· 2026-02-27 02:46
Group 1: Report Industry Investment Rating - Not provided in the given content Group 2: Core Viewpoints of the Report - On Thursday, rubber futures prices soared and then dropped as long - position holders took profits. The 2609 contract's gain this week was greater than that of the near - term contract. The spot prices of Thai central market glue and cup rubber increased. After the Spring Festival, the chemical and stock markets opened significantly higher, boosting the rubber futures prices. The US economic data showed a slowdown in GDP growth, and inflation data was mixed, leading to an increase in interest - rate cut expectations. The escalating US - Iran confrontation and the lack of progress in Russia - Ukraine negotiations caused a sharp increase in crude oil prices, which in turn drove up synthetic rubber prices. However, attention should be paid to the geopolitical situation and China's response to new tariff measures [3]. - The domestic spot market is in a seasonal inventory accumulation phase. As of February 23, 2026, the total inventory of natural rubber in Qingdao was 667,700 tons, a 10.05% increase from the previous period. The inventory in bonded areas and general trade both increased, and the storage and delivery rates of warehouses also changed [3]. - After the Spring Festival, the sentiment in the commodity market improved. In terms of supply - demand fundamentals, rubber - producing areas are gradually entering the off - season, and raw material prices are firm. The downstream is in a seasonal off - season, with weak terminal demand and sufficient supply, resulting in an increase in finished - product inventory. In the long - term, the supply - demand surplus pattern is expected to gradually improve as production peaks, and the market has reached a consensus on the upward movement of rubber prices [3]. - For rubber trading, long - position holders can take partial profits after the price breaks through. Avoid chasing high prices due to the volatile macro - sentiment. The support and pressure levels for the RU and NR main contracts are provided [3]. Group 3: Summary According to the Directory First Part: Rubber Variety Viewpoint Summary - For rubber, the recommended strategy is to buy on dips. The main logic is the resonance of macro - sentiment and overseas raw materials. The support range is 16,000 - 16,900, the pressure range is 17,100 - 17,500, and the market is expected to rise in a volatile manner. For 20 - number rubber, the recommended strategy is also to buy on dips. The main logic is that the dark - colored rubber has reached an inventory inflection point, and the Thai glue price is firm, providing strong support. The support range is 13,400 - 13,600, the pressure range is 13,900 - 14,200, and the market is expected to rise in a volatile manner [9]. Second Part: Futures Market Review 1. Futures Market Review - The closing prices, daily price changes, daily price change percentages, trading volumes, and open interests of rubber main - continuous, 20 - number rubber main - continuous, and Singapore TSR20 main - continuous are provided [9]. 2. Futures Market Warehouse Receipt Situation - The latest warehouse receipt volume of 20 - number rubber is 50,601, with a year - on - year change of 1.21%. The warehouse receipt has rebounded from a low level, and the market's inventory accumulation expectation has resurfaced. The latest warehouse receipt volume of rubber is 114,070, with a year - on - year change of - 41.23%. The warehouse receipt was significantly cancelled today, and the futures inventory has dropped sharply year - on - year, increasing the delivery risk of futures contracts and supporting the RU futures price [14]. Third Part: Spot Market Trends - The spot prices,环比 changes, and year - on - year changes of natural rubber, Yunnan glue, Thai Hat Yai glue, Thai Hat Yai cup rubber, and Thai 20 - number standard rubber in Qingdao Bonded Area are provided [20]. Fourth Part: Basis and Spread Situation - The current values, 环比 changes, and year - on - year changes of the basis of RU and NR main contracts, non - standard basis, cross - variety spread, and spread between light and dark - colored rubbers are provided [25]. Fifth Part: Inter - month Spread Situation - For rubber, the 5 - 9 spread is 135, with a 环比 change of 5 and a year - on - year change of 285. It is expected to fluctuate within a range, and the recommended strategy is to wait and see. For 20 - number rubber, the 3 - 4 spread is - 75, with a 环比 change of - 35 and a year - on - year change of - 415. It is expected to fluctuate within a range, and the recommended strategy is to wait and see [27]. Sixth Part: Industry Supply - Demand and Inventory Situation - Not elaborated in the given content Seventh Part: Option - related Data - Not elaborated in the given content
日度策略参考-20260205
Guo Mao Qi Huo· 2026-02-05 03:11
Report Industry Investment Rating - The report gives a "Bullish" rating to the precious metals and new energy sectors, and "Neutral" or "Wait-and-See" ratings to most other sectors [1] Core Viewpoints - In the context of low interest rates and an "asset shortage", domestic market funds remain abundant, and the stock index is expected to maintain a long-term upward trend despite short-term volatility [1] - The bond market is favored by the "asset shortage" and weak economy, but the central bank has recently warned of interest rate risks [1] - Metal prices, including copper, aluminum, and nickel, are expected to stabilize and rebound after the release of macro risks, although they are subject to various supply and demand factors and policy uncertainties [1] - Agricultural product prices are affected by factors such as supply and demand, weather, and policy. For example, palm oil is expected to be volatile and bullish, while cotton is in a situation of "support but no driver" [1] - Energy and chemical product prices are influenced by factors like crude oil prices, supply and demand fundamentals, and geopolitical situations. For instance, PTA and ethylene glycol prices have shown different trends due to various factors [1] Summary by Industry Macro Finance - Stock index: Expected to consolidate after a volume-reduced rebound, with a long-term upward trend intact due to abundant funds and economic recovery [1] - Bond futures: Favored by the "asset shortage" and weak economy, but short-term interest rate risks are highlighted [1] Non-Ferrous Metals - Copper: After a significant correction, prices are expected to stabilize and rebound as macro risks are released, with industry fundamentals providing support [1] - Aluminum: Prices dropped due to rising macro risk aversion but are expected to recover as the supply narrative continues and risks are released [1] - Alumina: Supply exceeds demand, and prices are under pressure but are expected to fluctuate around the cost line [1] - Zinc: The cost center is stabilizing, and prices are expected to rebound after a correction due to increased risk aversion [1] - Nickel: Short-term prices are expected to stabilize and rebound, but long-term high global inventories may still exert pressure. Attention should be paid to Indonesian policies and macro sentiment [1] - Stainless steel: Futures prices are expected to fluctuate, with support from the raw material end and repeated macro sentiment. Short-term trading is recommended [1] - Tin: Prices rebounded strongly after a mine accident and significant deleveraging, but high short-term volatility requires risk management [1] Precious Metals and New Energy - Gold and silver: Market sentiment is recovering, but strong US PMI data may slow the short-term upward momentum [1] - Platinum and palladium: Short-term support exists due to Trump's plan to establish a key mineral reserve and the EU's consideration of sanctions on Russian platinum exports [1] - Industrial silicon: Northwest production is increasing while southwest production is decreasing, and the production schedules of polysilicon and organic silicon declined in December [1] - Polysilicon: In the off-season for new energy vehicles, but storage demand is strong. Prices have risen significantly and may need to correct [1] - Lithium carbonate: Expectations are strong, but the spot market is weak, and the continuation of price increases lacks momentum [1] Black Metals - Rebar and hot-rolled coil: Unilateral long positions are advised to exit, and cash-and-carry arbitrage positions can be considered due to factors such as high production and inventory [1] - Iron ore: There is obvious upward pressure, and chasing long positions is not recommended [1] - Coke and coking coal: In the off-season, the focus is on capital sentiment, and opportunities to sell at high prices or establish cash-and-carry arbitrage positions are recommended [1] - Glass and soda ash: Weak current supply and demand are intertwined with strong expectations, and prices are under pressure in the medium term [1] Agricultural Products - Palm oil: Expected to be volatile and bullish as the main consuming countries start purchasing and production areas may reduce production and inventory [1] - Cotton: Currently in a situation of "support but no driver", and future attention should be paid to factors such as policy, planting area, and seasonal demand [1] - Sugar: There is a consensus on short positions due to global oversupply and increased domestic production, but the cost provides support at lower prices [1] - Grains: Before the Spring Festival, the market is expected to correct as pre-holiday stocking ends and funds take profits [1] - Soybeans: Unilateral expectations are for a weakening trend due to factors such as expected rainfall in Argentina and sufficient Brazilian supply [1] - Pulp: It is advisable to wait and see due to supply disturbances and weakening demand after restocking [1] - Logs: The spot price is rising, and the futures price is expected to increase due to a decrease in arrivals and an increase in foreign quotes [1] - Hogs: The spot price is stabilizing, and demand is supported, but production capacity still needs to be further released [1] Energy and Chemicals - Crude oil: OPEC+ has suspended production increases until the end of 2026, and geopolitical tensions in the Middle East may ease. Prices are expected to correct in the short term [1] - Fuel oil: Follows the trend of crude oil, and the supply of Ma Rui crude oil is sufficient [1] - Asphalt: Profits are high, and the demand for catch-up construction during the 14th Five-Year Plan may be falsified [1] - Shanghai rubber: The raw material cost provides support, but downstream demand weakens before the festival, and the futures-spot price difference has widened [1] - BR rubber: The cost of butadiene provides support, and there is an expectation of increased exports in the long term. Short-term prices are expected to fluctuate widely, with an upward trend in the long term [1] - PTA: The PX market is strong, driving up the prices of chemical products. Domestic PTA production is increasing, and the negative feedback from polyester factory production cuts is limited [1] - Ethylene glycol: Overseas prices have rebounded, and the reduction in Middle East exports has boosted market confidence. Speculative demand has increased [1] - Styrene: The futures price has rebounded due to improved supply and demand fundamentals and reduced inventory pressure [1] - Methanol: Affected by the situation in Iran, imports are expected to decrease, but downstream negative feedback is significant, resulting in a mixed situation [1] - PE: The price has returned to a reasonable range, and demand is weak during the holiday after pre-holiday stocking [1] - PP: Supply pressure is high, downstream improvement is less than expected, and the price has returned to a reasonable range [1] - PVC: Global production is expected to be low in 2026, but the current fundamentals are poor, and there may be a rush to export [1] - LPG: The CP price is rising, and the demand side is short-term bearish, suppressing the upward movement of the futures price [1] Shipping - Container shipping on the European route: Freight rates have peaked and declined before the festival, and airlines are expected to raise prices after the off-season in March [1]
日度策略参考-20260204
Guo Mao Qi Huo· 2026-02-04 03:36
1. Report Industry Investment Ratings - Bullish: Precious metals (gold, silver), platinum, palladium, palm oil, ethylene glycol, styrene, PE [1] - Bearish: Steel (rebar, hot - rolled coil), iron ore, soybean meal, SHK, caustic soda [1] - Neutral: Industrial silicon, polycrystalline silicon, lithium carbonate, glass, soda ash, coking coal, coke, rapeseed oil, cotton, sugar, grains, pulp, BR rubber, urea, methanol, PVC, LPG, container shipping [1] 2. Core Views - In the short - term, attention should be paid to whether the panic caused by overseas liquidity tightening can be effectively alleviated. After a shrinking - volume rebound, the stock index is expected to consolidate through oscillations. In the long - run, the upward trend of the stock index is not expected to end due to abundant domestic market funds and the economy in the bottom - building process [1] - The "asset shortage" and weak economy are beneficial for bond futures, but the central bank has recently warned of interest - rate risks, and attention should be paid to the Bank of Japan's interest - rate decision [1] - After the release of macro - negative factors, the sentiment has recovered. However, supply concerns in the non - ferrous metal market may continue to disrupt the market, and different non - ferrous metals have different price trends and investment suggestions [1] - For agricultural products, different products have different supply - demand situations and price trends, and factors such as policies, weather, and demand seasons need to be considered [1] - In the energy and chemical sectors, factors such as geopolitical situations, supply - demand relationships, and cost changes affect product prices and investment decisions [1] 3. Summary by Related Catalogs Macro - finance - Stock index: Short - term attention to overseas liquidity panic, long - term upward trend remains [1] - Treasury bonds: Asset shortage and weak economy are beneficial, but short - term interest - rate risks are warned, and focus on the Bank of Japan's decision [1] Non - ferrous metals - Copper: After the release of macro risks, the price is expected to stabilize and rebound [1] - Aluminum: After the release of risks, the price is expected to stabilize and rebound [1] - Alumina: Supply is strong and demand is weak, and the price is expected to oscillate [1] - Zinc: The cost center is stable, and the price is expected to rebound after a correction. It is recommended to wait and see [1] - Nickel: Short - term price stabilizes and rebounds, affected by the non - ferrous sector. Pay attention to Indonesian policies and macro - sentiment. Long - term high global nickel inventory may have a suppressing effect [1] - Stainless steel: The raw material end has support, and the futures price oscillates. It is recommended to focus on short - term trading [1] - Tin: After a strong rebound, pay attention to risk management in the short - term high - volatility situation [1] Precious metals and new energy - Gold, silver: After the liquidity problem is alleviated, they are expected to gradually repair and run strongly [1] - Platinum, palladium: There is short - term support and are expected to gradually stabilize and rebound [1] - Industrial silicon: Northwest production increases, southwest production decreases, and the production of polysilicon and organic silicon in December decreases [1] - Polysilicon: Wait and see due to liquidity risks [1] - Lithium carbonate: In the off - season of new energy vehicles, but with strong energy - storage demand and battery export rush. There is a need for a correction after a large increase [1] Ferrous metals - Rebar, hot - rolled coil: The expectation is strong, but the spot is weak, and the upward momentum is insufficient. It is recommended to exit long positions and participate in cash - and - carry arbitrage [1] - Iron ore: There is obvious upward pressure, and it is not recommended to chase long positions [1] - Coke, coking coal: The market is pessimistic about the coking coal 05 contract. After the first round of coke price increase is shelved, the price may gradually move towards the Mongolian coal long - term agreement cost [1] Agricultural products - Palm oil: Expected to oscillate strongly with the start of purchasing in major consuming countries and possible production reduction and inventory depletion in the producing areas [1] - Rapeseed oil: There is a risk of short - term correction due to the approaching end of pre - festival stocking and macro - sentiment [1] - Cotton: Currently in a situation of "support but no driver". Pay attention to policies, planting intentions, and seasonal demand [1] - Sugar: There is a global surplus and an increase in domestic new - crop supply. The short - side consensus is strong, and pay attention to the change of capital [1] - Grains: Before the festival, the upward momentum is insufficient, and it is expected to oscillate and correct. Pay attention to the short - term selling pressure [1] - Soybean meal: Expected to oscillate weakly [1] - Pulp: With disturbances on the supply side and weakening demand after restocking, it is recommended to wait and see [1] - Logs: The spot price rises, and the futures price has an upward driving force [1] - Pigs: The spot price is gradually stabilizing, and the production capacity needs to be further released [1] Energy - Crude oil: OPEC+ suspends production increase until the end of 2026, and the geopolitical situation in the Middle East may ease. The commodity market sentiment cools down [1] - Bitumen: Follows crude oil in the short - term, the "14th Five - Year Plan" construction demand is likely to be falsified, and the profit is high [1] - SHK: There is strong raw - material cost support, the commodity market sentiment turns bearish, the pre - festival downstream demand weakens, and the futures - spot price difference expands [1] Chemicals - BR rubber: The cost end has support, the short - term downstream negative feedback is realized, and the inventory is decreasing. The short - term price is expected to oscillate widely, and there is an upward expectation in the long - term [1] - PTA: Driven by the strong PX market, the chemical sector has a large inflow of funds, and the polyester leads the rise. The domestic PTA production increases, and the negative feedback from polyester factory production reduction is limited [1] - Ethylene glycol: The price rebounds after a long - term slump, and the reduction of Middle East exports boosts market confidence. There is an increase in speculative demand [1] - Short - fiber: The price closely follows the cost [1] - Styrene: The price rebounds rapidly with the improvement of the supply - demand fundamentals, and the inventory is decreasing [1] - Urea: The export sentiment eases, the domestic demand is insufficient, and there is support from anti - involution and the cost end [1] - Methanol: Affected by the Iranian situation, the import is expected to decrease, but the downstream negative feedback is obvious. There are multiple factors in a tug - of - war [1] - PE: There is a risk of crude oil price increase due to intensified geopolitical conflicts, and the linear production ratio decreases [1] - PVC: The global production capacity expansion is limited in 2026, but the fundamentals are poor. There may be a rush for exports, and the production capacity may be cleared [1] - Caustic soda: The macro - sentiment fades, the fundamentals are weak, and the factory inventory is increasing, with downward pressure on the spot price [1] - LPG: The CP price rises in February, the risk premium in the Middle East decreases, the overseas cold - wave driving logic slows down, the demand is short - term bearish, and the basis is expected to expand [1] - Container shipping: The pre - festival freight rate peaks and falls, the airlines are cautious about resuming flights, and there is a strong willingness to stop the price decline and raise prices after the off - season in March [1]
日度策略参考-20260203
Guo Mao Qi Huo· 2026-02-03 03:13
Report Summary 1. Industry Investment Ratings - **Bullish**: Biodiesel, Cottonseed Oil, Rapeseed Oil [1] - **Bearish**: Soybeans, Crude Oil, Fuel Oil, Asphalt, LPG, Container Shipping on European Routes [1] - **Neutral**: Most other industries including stocks, bonds, and various metals and agricultural products, with suggestions of short - term caution, waiting for opportunities, and controlling risks [1] 2. Core Views - **Macro - financial**: In the short term, policies will support the A - share market, but overseas liquidity tightening may cause panic. In the long run, the stock index is still expected to rise due to low - interest rates, "asset shortage" and economic bottom - building. Asset shortage and weak economy are beneficial for bond futures, but the central bank has warned of interest - rate risks [1]. - **Metals**: Macro - level risk aversion is pressuring the non - ferrous metals sector. Supply concerns in Indonesia are affecting nickel and stainless steel, while other metals like zinc, tin, etc. are facing different price trends and risks [1]. - **Agricultural products**: Different agricultural products have different market situations. For example, cotton has support but lacks a driving force; sugar has a bearish consensus but cost support; grains are expected to oscillate and decline before the holiday [1]. - **Energy and Chemicals**: The energy and chemical sector is affected by various factors such as geopolitical events, supply - demand relationships, and cost changes. Some products like PTA, ethylene glycol, and styrene are showing different price movements and trends [1]. 3. Summary by Related Catalogs **Macro - financial** - **Stocks**: Short - term caution is advised due to A - share weakness and overseas liquidity concerns. Long - term upward trend is expected due to low - interest rates and economic recovery [1]. - **Bonds**: Asset shortage and weak economy are favorable for bond futures, but short - term interest - rate risks are highlighted, and the Japanese central bank's interest - rate decision should be monitored [1]. **Metals** - **Non - ferrous metals**: Overall under pressure from risk aversion. Nickel and stainless steel are affected by Indonesian supply issues. Zinc is expected to correct, and tin's price has fluctuated but not in a trend - reversing way. Gold and silver are in short - term oscillatory or stabilizing trends. Platinum and palladium may be supported in the short term [1]. - **Industrial metals**: Alumina is expected to oscillate near the cost line. Steel products (rebar, hot - rolled coil) have limited upward space, and iron ore has a clear upper pressure [1]. **Agricultural products** - **Grains and oilseeds**: Soybeans are expected to be weak. Cotton is "supported but without a driver". Sugar has a bearish consensus but cost support. Grains are expected to decline before the holiday [1]. - **Livestock**: The pig production capacity still needs to be further released [1]. **Energy and Chemicals** - **Fossil fuels**: Crude oil and fuel oil may be affected by OPEC+ policies, geopolitical events, and market sentiment. Asphalt has high profits but is also affected by supply and demand [1]. - **Chemicals**: PX drives the chemical sector. PTA, ethylene glycol, and styrene have different supply - demand and price trends. Methanol, polyethylene, PVC, and LPG are affected by various factors such as geopolitical risks, supply - demand relationships, and cost changes [1]. **Shipping** - **Container shipping**: The freight rate on European routes has peaked and declined before the holiday. Airlines are cautious about resuming flights and plan to raise prices after the off - season in March [1].
日度策略参考-20260202
Guo Mao Qi Huo· 2026-02-02 07:09
1. Report Industry Investment Ratings - Not provided in the given content 2. Core Views of the Report - In the short term, although external disturbances intensify, domestic capital drives the stock index to maintain strong resilience, with limited space for short - term shock adjustment. Long - term investors can gradually build long positions. - The asset shortage and weak economy are beneficial for bond futures, but the central bank warns of interest rate risks in the short term. Pay attention to the Bank of Japan's interest rate decision. - Market risk - aversion sentiment has significantly increased, leading to sharp fluctuations in prices of various commodities such as copper, aluminum, nickel, etc. Different commodities have different trends based on their own fundamentals and external factors [1]. 3. Summary by Related Categories Stock Index - Short - term: Despite increased external disturbances, domestic capital drives the stock index to remain resilient, with limited shock adjustment space. - Long - term: Long - term investors can take this opportunity to gradually build long positions [1]. Bond Futures - Asset shortage and weak economy are favorable, but the central bank warns of short - term interest rate risks. Pay attention to the Bank of Japan's interest rate decision [1]. Metals Copper - Market risk - aversion sentiment has increased, and after a sharp rise in copper prices, market sentiment amplifies the fluctuation range, causing intensified price fluctuations. Pay attention to Kevin Warsh's statement [1]. Aluminum - Limited industry drive and increased macro risk - aversion sentiment have caused a sharp decline in aluminum prices. Pay attention to the recovery of market sentiment [1]. Alumina - Supply exceeds demand in the domestic alumina industry, with a weak industrial outlook and price pressure. However, the current price is near the cost line, and prices are expected to fluctuate [1]. Zinc - The cost center of the zinc fundamentals is stabilizing. The North American cold wave has affected energy prices, which is unfavorable for overseas smelter restart. There are expectations of fundamental improvement. Under the current risk - aversion sentiment, zinc prices are expected to fluctuate at a high level. It is recommended to wait and see [1]. Nickel - In the short term, nickel prices fluctuate weakly, affected by the resonance of the non - ferrous metal sector. Pay attention to Indonesian policies and macro - sentiment. In the medium - to - long - term, high global nickel inventories may still have a suppressing effect. It is recommended to operate in the short term and wait for low - buying opportunities [1]. Stainless Steel - The raw material nickel - iron price continues to rise, but the spot trading of stainless steel is weak, and the social inventory has slightly increased. Steel mills' maintenance and production cuts in February have increased. Pay attention to the actual production of steel mills. With raw material support and cooling macro - sentiment, stainless - steel futures fluctuate weakly. It is recommended to operate in the short term and control risks [1]. Tin - Short - term market risk - aversion sentiment has increased, causing large fluctuations in tin prices. Considering the fragile tin supply fundamentals, after a full correction, it is recommended to pay attention to low - buying opportunities from a medium - to - long - term perspective [1]. Precious Metals - Trump's nomination of a hawkish candidate for the new Fed chairman has boosted the US dollar index, putting pressure on precious metals prices. Panic selling has led to a sharp decline. In the short term, the market may continue to release risks, but the space for further sharp declines is relatively limited. It is recommended to wait and see for now [1]. Platinum and Palladium - Short - term: Panic selling has caused sharp declines in platinum and palladium prices. The market may continue to release risks, with prices expected to open sharply lower and fluctuate strongly. It is recommended to wait and see. - Medium - to - long - term: There are differences in the supply - demand prospects of platinum and palladium. There is a supply - demand gap for platinum, while palladium tends to have a loose supply. The [long platinum, short palladium] arbitrage strategy can continue to be followed [1]. Industrial Silicon - Northwest production increases, while southwest production decreases. The production schedules of polysilicon and organic silicon in December have declined [1]. Polysilicon - In the new - energy vehicle off - season, energy - storage demand is strong, and there is battery export rush. After a large increase, there is a need for a correction [1]. Ferrous Metals Rebar - The expectation is strong, but the spot is weak. The sentiment transmission to the spot is not smooth, and the upward momentum is insufficient. Unilateral long positions should be closed and wait and see. Participate in cash - and - carry arbitrage positions [1]. Hot - Rolled Coil - High production and high inventory suppress price increases. The transmission of futures price increases to the spot is not smooth. Unilateral long positions should be closed and wait and see. Participate in cash - and - carry arbitrage positions [1]. Iron Ore - There is obvious upward pressure on iron ore. It is not recommended to chase long at this position [1]. Coke and Coking Coal - The market is pessimistic about the coking coal 05 contract. After the first round of coke price increase was shelved, short - sellers increased positions. The coking coal 05 contract has broken through important supports. The previous low - buying strategy may need to be changed. The logic for coke is the same as that for coking coal [1]. Agricultural Products Palm Oil - The purchasing rhythm of major consumer countries has started, and there is a possibility of production reduction and inventory reduction in the origin. Coupled with the potential fermentation of the biodiesel theme, it is expected to fluctuate strongly [1]. Soybean Oil - The domestic soybean oil fundamentals are strong, combined with the rebound of US soybeans and positive news about US biodiesel. It is recommended to go long [1]. Rapeseed Oil - Sino - Canadian relations are still variable under US influence, and the continuous import of Canadian rapeseed is blocked. The short - term supply contradiction is not significantly alleviated. Positive news about US biodiesel benefits the oil market [1]. Cotton - There is a strong expectation of a domestic new - crop harvest, and the cotton purchase price supports lint costs. The downstream operating rate is low, but the yarn mill inventory is not high, with rigid replenishment demand. The cotton market is currently in a situation of "having support but no driver". Pay attention to relevant factors such as the central government's No. 1 Document in the first quarter of next year [1]. Sugar - There is a global surplus of sugar, and the domestic new - crop supply has increased. The short - selling consensus is relatively consistent. If the futures price continues to fall, there is strong cost support below. However, the short - term fundamentals lack continuous drivers. Pay attention to changes in the capital situation [1]. Grains - Pre - festival stocking is nearly over, the regional price difference is low, and the domestic grain reserve inventory is sufficient. Pre - festival funds are taking profits, and the upward momentum of the futures price is insufficient. It is expected to fluctuate and correct before the festival [1]. Soybeans - There is an expectation of rainfall return in the Argentine production area in February, and the total supply of Brazilian soybeans is sufficient. Logistics congestion in Brazil may postpone the selling pressure of the basis. The domestic soybean - purchasing and crushing margin is at a high level. The short - term unilateral upward expectation is limited, and it is expected to fluctuate weakly later [1]. Pulp and Logs Pulp - There are disturbances on the supply side, but the demand side weakens after restocking. It is recommended to wait and see in the face of large fluctuations in commodity sentiment [1]. Logs - The spot price of logs has increased, the log arrival volume in February is expected to decline, and the overseas quotation is expected to rise. The futures price has upward driving force [1]. Energy and Chemicals Crude Oil - OPEC+ has suspended production increases until the end of 2026, the Middle East geopolitical situation has heated up, and the US cold wave has increased energy demand [1]. Fuel Oil - Follows crude oil, and the short - term supply - demand contradiction is not prominent [1]. Asphalt - The "14th Five - Year Plan" construction rush demand is likely to be falsified, the supply of raw material (Maya crude oil) is sufficient, and the asphalt profit is high [1]. BR Rubber - The cost of raw material (butadiene) has strong support, and there are expectations of increased exports in the long - term. Recently, private butadiene - rubber plant profits have been severely lost, and there are expectations of maintenance and production reduction. The short - term downstream negative feedback is gradually realized. Butadiene is in the process of inventory reduction, and high butadiene - rubber inventory is a potential negative factor. The short - term futures price is expected to fluctuate widely and correct, and there is an upward expectation in the long - term [1]. PTA and Short - Fiber - The PX market is strong, driving up chemical products. There has been a large inflow of funds into the chemical sector. The polyester sector has led the rise in the chemical industry. Domestic PTA production has continued to increase, with no new production capacity. PTA maintains a high operating rate, and domestic demand has declined. The short - fiber price continues to closely follow the cost [1]. Ethylene Glycol - After a long - term slump, the overseas ethylene - glycol price has rebounded. The reduction of ethylene - glycol exports from the Middle East has boosted market confidence. A 180 - million - ton ethylene - glycol plant in Jiangsu plans to switch a 90 - million - ton EG production line to ethylene production in mid - February. Market speculative demand has significantly increased [1]. Styrene - News of the shutdown of a styrene plant in the Middle East has spread. As the supply - demand fundamentals of styrene gradually improve, the styrene futures price has quickly rebounded. The Asian styrene market has stabilized, and the styrene - benzene price difference has widened. The inventory of styrene has decreased, alleviating the overall inventory pressure [1]. Methanol - Affected by the Iranian situation, the expected future import will decrease, but the downstream negative feedback is obvious. The downstream MTO leading device has stopped, and some enterprises have reduced production, but Fude will restart on January 25th. The Iranian situation has eased, but risks cannot be completely ruled out. Cold air has increased freight costs in the inland area, and northwest enterprises have large inventory - clearing pressure and are selling at reduced prices [1]. PE - The Zhong'an United full - density device has stopped, and the linear production ratio has decreased. There are risks of rising crude oil prices due to intensified geopolitical conflicts [1]. PVC - Global production capacity expansion in 2026 is limited, with an optimistic future expectation. The current fundamentals are poor. The export tax rebate has been cancelled, and there may be a rush to export. Differential electricity prices in the northwest region are expected to be implemented, forcing out inefficient PVC production capacity [1]. PG - The March CP is expected to decline compared with February. The Middle East geopolitical conflict has cooled down, and the short - term risk premium has decreased. The driving logic of the overseas cold wave is gradually weakening, and the futures price is expected to weaken, with the basis expected to widen. The domestic PDH operating rate has declined, and the profit is expected to seasonally recover. The global civilian combustion demand is stable, but the overseas olefin blending demand for MTBE has declined seasonally. The short - term demand side is bearish, suppressing the upward movement of the futures price. Be vigilant against the resurgence of the Middle East geopolitical situation [1]. Shipping Container Shipping on the European Route - Pre - festival freight rates have peaked and declined. Airlines are still cautious about trial resumption of flights. Airlines expect a strong willingness to stop the price decline and increase prices after the off - season in March [1].
贵金属策略日报:“银”位震荡运,波动险加剧-20260128
Zhong Xin Qi Huo· 2026-01-28 01:31
1. Report Industry Investment Rating - No information about the industry investment rating is provided in the report. 2. Core Viewpoints - Gold and silver are operating in high - level oscillations, with increased volatility risks. Gold remains strong due to safe - haven and allocation demand, while silver needs to be cautious of retracement risks after a rapid rise [1]. - Gold maintains resilience at high levels, with its safe - haven and allocation attributes being dominant. In the short - term, attention should be paid to the amplifying effect of risk events on volatility [1]. - Silver has entered a rhythm - repair phase after a rapid rise. Although it still has price elasticity, the retracement risk increases under high - volatility conditions [2]. 3. Summary by Relevant Catalog Gold - **Logic**: In the context where precious metals are in the spotlight, gold gets strong support in the high - level range. During the Asian session, due to Trump's remarks on South Korea's tariffs, regional market uncertainty increased, equity assets were under pressure, and gold and silver rose slightly, reflecting the marginal return of safe - haven demand. Compared with other precious metals, gold's price is more stable, with a significantly lower volatility than silver, and allocation - type funds regard gold as a priority choice, supporting its strength at high levels [1]. - **Outlook**: In an environment of rising global uncertainty and repeated switching of risk preferences, the safe - haven and allocation value of gold still has resilience. In the short - term, attention should be paid to the risk of increased volatility caused by geopolitical and trade policy disturbances, but the medium - term support logic remains unchanged [1]. Silver - **Logic**: After the previous sharp rise, the market is divided on the short - term sustainability of silver. From the capital side, the global silver ETF holdings decreased by about 2.4% this month when the price hit a new high, the largest monthly decline since 2022, indicating that some allocation - type funds have started to take profits and wait and see. In terms of inventory, the silver inventory in COMEX warehouses dropped to the lowest level since March last year after the tariff expectations cooled down, falling for the fourth consecutive month, reflecting that the phased hoarding formed due to policy expectations is being digested. From the demand structure, about half of silver's demand comes from the industrial end. After the price enters the three - digit range, downstream enterprises may adjust through technology or postpone procurement to cope with the high - price environment, which restricts short - term demand. At the same time, the single - day increase of silver has reached the historical fluctuation range many times, and the volatility has disturbed ETFs and some professional investors, but it has not completely changed the trend - trading pattern [2]. - **Outlook**: In the medium - term, silver can still benefit from the macro - narrative and safe - haven environment dominated by gold, but in the short - term, it is more likely to digest the excessive rise through high - level oscillations. Attention should be paid to the trading rhythm during the decline of volatility [2]. Commodity Index - **Specialty Index**: The commodity index is 2503.03, up 1.13%; the commodity 20 index is 2879.55, up 1.44%; the industrial products index is 2369.84, up 0.40%; the PPI commodity index is 1461.06, up 0.19% [42]. - **Sector Index**: The precious metals index on January 26, 2026, was 4916.75, with a daily increase of 4.46%, a 5 - day increase of 10.89%, a 1 - month increase of 25.18%, and a year - to - date increase of 28.57% [43].
大涨5% 多因素共振 白银再创新高
Sou Hu Cai Jing· 2025-12-11 07:26
Core Viewpoint - The silver price has surged significantly, driven by industrial demand, supply constraints, financial policies, and increased investment inflows, with a notable increase of 92.20% since the beginning of the year [1][3][9]. Group 1: Price Movement - On December 10, 2025, the average market price of silver reached 14,319 yuan per kilogram, marking a daily increase of 4.95% and a month-to-date increase of 6.75% [1]. - The Shanghai Gold Exchange reported a benchmark price of 14,318 yuan per kilogram, up 739 yuan from the previous trading day [1]. Group 2: Industrial Demand - Industrial demand for silver has risen to 65%, with the photovoltaic industry being a core driver, as global silver usage in this sector is expected to double from 2022 levels by 2025 [3]. - The demand from AI server farms and data centers, which consume significantly more silver than traditional equipment, along with increased silver usage in electric vehicles, is contributing to the surge in industrial demand [3]. Group 3: Supply Constraints - The global silver market has faced a supply deficit for five consecutive years, with a projected shortfall of 95 million ounces in 2025 [4]. - Supply issues are exacerbated by the fact that 70-80% of silver is a byproduct of copper and lead mining, with major producing regions like Mexico and Peru underperforming in output [4]. Group 4: Financial Policies - The Federal Reserve's recent decision to cut interest rates by 25 basis points is expected to lower the opportunity cost of holding non-yielding assets like silver, making it more attractive to investors [5]. - Market expectations of further rate cuts in 2026 are enhancing the financial appeal of silver [5]. Group 5: Investment Inflows - The price of silver remains significantly lower than gold, attracting investors seeking low-cost safe-haven assets, with non-commercial net long positions in COMEX silver reaching a historical high [6]. - The largest silver ETF has increased its holdings by over 500 tons in six months, and domestic silver trading volumes have grown by 30% [6]. Group 6: Macro Economic Factors - Rising debt levels in major Western economies and geopolitical risks are prompting investors to increase their allocation to precious metals, with silver being favored for its combination of safe-haven attributes and price advantages [7]. Group 7: Market Outlook - While silver prices may experience short-term volatility and potential corrections, the long-term outlook remains positive due to strong fundamental support [8][9].
有色金属周报:原料与需求相搏弈,沪锌高位震荡-20251110
Hong Yuan Qi Huo· 2025-11-10 09:00
1. Report Industry Investment Rating - Not provided in the document 2. Core Viewpoints of the Report - In the short - term, zinc prices are supported by a tightened ore end and a continuous decline in TC, but the weak domestic consumption and开工 decline in some areas due to environmental protection limit the upside space of zinc prices. The zinc prices may face pressure in the short term, and attention should be paid to the resistance level of 23,000 yuan/ton [3] 3. Summary According to Relevant Catalogs 3.1 Market Review - SMM1 zinc ingot average price rose 1.62% to 22,570 yuan/ton; Shanghai zinc main contract closing price rose 1.63% to 22,720 yuan/ton; LME zinc closing price (electronic trading) rose 0.54% to 3,066.5 US dollars/ton [12] 3.2 Raw Material Side 3.2.1 Zinc Concentrate Port Inventory - As of November 7, the inventory of imported zinc ore in Lianyungang was 160,000 tons, a month - on - month increase of 30,000 tons. The total inventory of 7 ports was 348,800 tons, a month - on - month increase of 25,500 tons [29] 3.2.2 Zinc Concentrate Profit - As of November 6, the production profit of zinc concentrate enterprises was 5,094 yuan/metal ton. In September, the import volume of zinc concentrate was 505,400 tons, a month - on - month increase of 8.15% and a year - on - year increase of 24.94%. From January to September, the cumulative import volume was 4.0081 million tons, a cumulative year - on - year increase of 40.49% [36] 3.2.3 Domestic TC and Imported TC - Both domestic TC and imported TC continued to decline. The domestic zinc concentrate processing fee on November 7, 2025, was 2,650 yuan/metal ton, and the imported index was 98.37 US dollars/dry ton [37][40] 3.3 Supply Side 3.3.1 Refined Zinc Production - The production profit of refined zinc enterprises continued to decline. As of November 6, the production profit was - 1,164 yuan/ton. It is expected that the refined zinc production in October will be 617,200 tons, a month - on - month increase of 2.85% [46] 3.3.2 Refined Zinc Import - The import profit window was closed. As of November 7, the import profit of refined zinc was - 4,221.66 yuan/ton. From January to September 2025, the cumulative import volume of refined zinc was 258,200 tons, a cumulative year - on - year decrease of 61,600 tons [49] 3.4 Demand Side 3.4.1 Galvanizing - The galvanizing enterprise start - up rate decreased by 2.41 percentage points to 55.13%. Raw material inventory increased, and finished product inventory decreased [55][58] 3.4.2 Die - Casting Zinc Alloy - The price of die - casting zinc alloy increased. The start - up rate decreased by 1.55 percentage points to 50.95%. Raw material inventory decreased, and finished product inventory increased [64][67][70] 3.4.3 Zinc Oxide - The price of zinc oxide increased. The start - up rate decreased by 0.56 percentage points to 57.63%. Raw material inventory decreased, and finished product inventory increased slightly [76][79][82] 3.5 Inventory 3.5.1 Domestic Inventory - As of November 6, the SMM zinc ingot three - place inventory was 150,100 tons, and the bonded area inventory was 38,000 tons, both showing a downward trend [88] 3.5.2 Exchange Inventory - As of November 7, the SHFE inventory was 100,200 tons, showing a decline; as of November 6, the LME inventory was 34,900 tons, showing a trend of first decline and then increase [91]