11月17日，游客在日本东京的一家餐厅用餐。 至收盘时，日经股指下跌1198.06点，收于48625.88点；东证股指下跌1.84点，收于3297.73点。 从板块来看，东京证券交易所33个行业板块多数上涨，房地产业、陆地运输业、建筑业等板块涨幅靠前，有色金属、机械、电气产品等板块下 跌。 日本东京股市两大股指21日下跌。日经225种股票平均价格指数收盘大跌2.40%，东京证券交易所股票价格指数微跌0.06%。 受隔夜纽约股市三大股指全面下跌、纳斯达克股指重挫超2%拖累，东京股市两大股指21日跳空低开。日经股指低开570多点，其后继续大跌， 全天低位徘徊，午盘时段一度下跌1300多点。当天，东京电子收盘下跌7%，软银集团下跌10.9%，爱德万测试跌幅超过12%。 （新华社） ...

投资咨询业务资格：证监许可【2011】1778 号 期货研究报告 资讯早班车-2025-11-20 期货研究报告 二、商品投资参考 综合 一、 宏观数据速览 | 发布日期 | 指标日期 | 指标名称 | 单位 | 当期值 | 上期值 | 去年同期值 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 20251020 | 2025/09 | GDP:不变价:当季同比 | % | 4.80 | 5.20 | 4.60 | | 20251031 | 2025/10 | 制造业 PMI | % | 49.00 | 49.80 | 50.10 | | 20251031 | 2025/10 | 非制造业 PMI:商务活 动 | % | 50.10 | 50.00 | 50.20 | | 20251113 | 2025/10 | 社会融资规模增量:当 | 亿元 | 8161.00 | 35299.00 | 14120.00 | | | | 月值 | | | | | | 20251113 | 2025/10 | M0(流通中的现金):同 比 | % | 10.60 | 11.50 ...

1. Report Industry Investment Ratings No relevant content provided. 2. Core Views of the Report - The A - share market showed a pattern of opening low and closing high, with the storage and new - energy sectors leading the gains. The domestic economic data in October is expected to face a decline in pressure, and the monetary policy is expected to be further loosened in the fourth quarter [9]. - For the black industry, the medium - term (winter) view remains to be bearish on rallies. The coal - coke prices may continue to fluctuate in the short term, and the prices of iron alloys are recommended to be shorted on rallies in the medium - term [14][15][17]. - In the non - ferrous and new materials sector, the demand for lithium carbonate continues to support the price, and the zinc price can be considered to be shorted on rallies. Industrial silicon and polysilicon are expected to trade within a range [20][21][24]. - In the agricultural products sector, cotton and sugar are under supply pressure, eggs may be strong in the short - term but the increase is limited, and the prices of other products such as corn, jujubes, and live pigs are affected by various factors and need attention [27][30][33]. - In the energy and chemical sector, the oil price is expected to fluctuate, and the prices of various chemical products such as plastics, rubber, and methanol are affected by factors such as supply and demand and cost, with different trends and trading suggestions [39][42][46]. 3. Summary by Relevant Catalogs 3.1 Macro Information - China has announced specific measures to implement the consensus of the China - US economic and trade consultations in Kuala Lumpur, including tariff adjustments and the relaxation of export controls on some US entities [6]. - The US Supreme Court is debating the legality of Trump's large - scale tariff measures, and the results may be announced in December. The US federal government's "shutdown" has broken the historical record, which may reduce the economic growth rate in the fourth quarter [6][8]. - The ADP employment and service industry PMI in the US in October were better than expected, which added uncertainty to the Fed's decision on whether to cut interest rates in December [8]. - Guizhou Moutai has launched a second - round share repurchase and announced a mid - year profit distribution plan. The scope of institutions participating in the stock repurchase and increase loan business is expected to expand [7]. 3.2 Stock Index Futures - The A - share market opened low and closed high, with the storage and new - energy sectors leading the gains. The Shanghai Composite Index rose 0.23% to 3969.25 points, and the daily trading volume was 1.89 trillion yuan. The domestic economic data in October is expected to face a decline in pressure, and the monetary policy is expected to be further loosened in the fourth quarter [9]. 3.3 Treasury Bond Futures - The capital market is balanced and loose, and the price is stable. The treasury bond futures opened high and closed low, showing a seesaw effect with the A - share market. The symbolic meaning of the central bank's bond - buying is more positive than the actual scale, and the monetary policy is expected to be further loosened in the fourth quarter [11]. 3.4 Black Industry 3.4.1 Iron Ore and Steel - The spot prices of steel and iron ore fluctuated. The prices were affected by factors such as environmental protection restrictions and steel mill maintenance. In the medium - term, the winter market may show a pattern of first rising and then falling, and the steel price is expected to have limited rebound space. The medium - term view is to be bearish on rallies [12][13][14]. 3.4.2 Coal - Coke - The short - term iron - making volume has a downward space, and the coal - coke prices continue to fluctuate at a high level. In the short - term, the supply of coking coal is expected to shrink, but the weakening demand for steel during the off - season will restrict the price [15]. 3.4.3 Ferroalloys - Affected by the price increase of动力煤 and lump coal, the cost of ferrosilicon is expected to increase, but the black sector is weak, and the price is recommended to be shorted on rallies in the medium - term [17]. 3.5 Non - ferrous and New Materials 3.5.1 Zinc - The zinc price fluctuated. The import of refined zinc in China decreased in September. The downstream demand is cautious, and the price can be considered to be shorted on rallies [20]. 3.5.2 Lithium Carbonate - The demand for lithium carbonate continues to increase, and the supply increase is less than the demand increase. Although the expected resumption of production of the Jiaxiawo lithium mine affects the market sentiment, the strong demand in the short - term still supports the price [21]. 3.5.3 Industrial Silicon - The contradiction of industrial silicon is not prominent. It is affected by the macro - environment and coal prices. It is expected to trade within a range, and small - position long positions can be tried at the lower end of the range [24]. 3.5.4 Polysilicon - The spot trading of polysilicon is in a stalemate. The market is affected by policies and fundamentals, and it is expected to trade within a range [25]. 3.6 Agricultural Products 3.6.1 Cotton - The supply of cotton is relatively loose, and the demand is weak. The price is expected to fluctuate at a low level, and it is recommended to wait and see [27]. 3.6.2 Sugar - The global sugar supply is in surplus, and the domestic sugar price is affected by factors such as import cost and domestic production cost. It is recommended to operate with a short - selling strategy or wait and see [30]. 3.6.3 Eggs - The futures price of eggs is strong due to the expectation of "capacity reduction". The spot price may be strong in November, but the increase is limited. It is recommended to operate according to the range - trading idea [33]. 3.6.4 Apples - The acquisition of apples is in the middle - late stage, and the price is stable. The market is expected to be strong with fluctuations [35]. 3.6.5 Corn - The spot price of corn has rebounded to some extent, but the supply pressure is still accumulating. It is recommended to wait and see [36]. 3.6.6 Jujubes - The spot price of jujubes in the sales area is weak, which affects the new - jujube ordering price. It is recommended to wait and see [37]. 3.6.7 Live Pigs - The supply pressure of live pigs continues, and the spot price is expected to fluctuate weakly. It is recommended to wait and see in the short - term [38]. 3.7 Energy and Chemical Industry 3.7.1 Crude Oil - The US commercial crude oil inventory has increased, and the oil price is under pressure. The OPEC+ measure to delay the increase in production in the first quarter has limited impact, and the oil price is expected to fluctuate [39]. 3.7.2 Fuel Oil - The fuel oil price fluctuates with the oil price. The supply is loose, and the demand is flat. The short - term trading focus is on the impact of sanctions on the supply [41]. 3.7.3 Plastics - The supply pressure of polyolefins is large, and the price is expected to fluctuate weakly. It is recommended to adopt a bearish - on - rallies trading idea [42]. 3.7.4 Rubber - The raw material price in the Yunnan region of China has slightly decreased, and the price in Thailand is firm. The fundamental situation is still slightly weak, and it is recommended to hold short - call option strategies [43]. 3.7.5 Synthetic Rubber - The price of synthetic rubber is expected to continue to fluctuate weakly due to the decline in raw material prices. It is recommended to be cautious about going long [44]. 3.7.6 Methanol - The methanol market fluctuates greatly due to factors such as the arrival of Iranian goods and potential plant maintenance. The supply pressure is large, and it is recommended to be bearish on rallies in the near - term and wait for a rebound in the far - term [46]. 3.7.7 Caustic Soda - The spot price of caustic soda is weak, and the supply exceeds demand. The price is expected to fluctuate, and it is recommended to adopt a range - trading idea [48]. 3.7.8 Asphalt - The asphalt price is expected to have a larger fluctuation range due to factors such as the change in oil price focus, production increase, and geopolitical risks [48]. 3.7.9 Polyester Industry Chain - The polyester industry chain lacks a clear driving direction and is expected to follow the cost - end movement. It is recommended to pay attention to the 1 - 5 reverse spread opportunity of ethylene glycol [50]. 3.7.10 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) - The supply of LPG is abundant, and the demand is affected by different factors. The price is expected to be bearish in the medium - long term [52]. 3.7.11 Pulp - The pulp spot price is stable, and the market has rigid demand. The price is expected to be supported but has limited upside space. It is recommended to establish long positions at low prices after observing the port inventory and spot trading [53]. 3.7.12 Logs - The spot trading of logs is weak, and the supply pressure exists. The price is expected to be under pressure [54]. 3.7.13 Urea - The spot price of urea has increased, and the futures price fluctuates strongly. It is recommended to adopt a range - trading idea [55].

Economic Indicators - The Huachuang Macro WEI index decreased to 4.82% as of October 26, down 0.42 points from the previous week[7] - Retail sales of passenger cars fell by 9% year-on-year as of October 26, compared to a previous decline of 3%[10] - The sales of commercial residential properties in 67 cities dropped by 33% year-on-year in the last week of October, with a monthly decline of 27%[12] Construction and Infrastructure - The cement shipment rate slightly decreased to 37.4% as of October 24, down 1% from the previous week[19] - The average operating rate of asphalt plants was 31% in the last two weeks of October, down from 35% in the previous two weeks[19] Trade and Shipping - Container throughput at ports fell by 8.2% week-on-week as of October 26, while year-on-year growth was 6.6%[26] - The number of cargo ships from China to the U.S. dropped significantly by 30.4% year-on-year in the first half of November[33] Commodity Prices - The price of rebar in Shanghai rose by 0.6% to 3,210 CNY/ton, while the iron ore price index increased by 1.9% to 107.7 USD/ton[45] - The national cement price index increased by 0.2%[45] Financial Instruments - The yield on 1-year, 5-year, and 10-year government bonds was reported at 1.3826%, 1.5662%, and 1.7954%, respectively, with declines of 8.9bps, 5.12bps, and 5.32bps from the previous week[50]

Market Overview - The Hong Kong stock market experienced fluctuations, with the Hang Seng Index closing at 23,831 points, down 145 points or 0.61% [1][5] - The market turnover decreased to 82.799 billion, with net inflows of 484 million in the Hong Kong Stock Connect [1][5] - The US stock market saw declines, with the Dow Jones down 91.99 points or 0.20%, and the S&P 500 down 25.69 points or 0.38% [2] Economic Indicators - China's manufacturing PMI for September was reported at 49.8%, while the non-manufacturing PMI was at 50%, indicating overall economic resilience [3] - The composite PMI has remained above the expansion threshold since January 2023, suggesting ongoing economic growth [3] Investment Recommendations - Continued focus on sectors such as artificial intelligence, semiconductors, and industrial software is advised due to their growth potential [3] - Attention is also recommended for undervalued state-owned enterprises with high dividends and the upstream non-ferrous metals sector benefiting from anticipated Federal Reserve rate cuts [3] - The semiconductor industry in Hong Kong is highlighted as a key area for investment, particularly companies like Hua Hong Semiconductor and SMIC [9] Company Highlights - The report mentions a significant partnership between OpenAI and AMD, which could impact the semiconductor industry positively [9] - The report also notes that several A-share companies are planning to list in Hong Kong, indicating a vibrant IPO market [9] Stock Performance - The Hang Seng Index has shown a year-to-date increase of 31%, while the Hang Seng Technology Index has risen by 47% [15] - Notable stock performances include Tencent Holdings, which has increased by 56% over the past year, while Alibaba has seen a 79% rise [15]

Group 1: Tourism and Travel - The total cross-regional population flow during the Mid-Autumn Festival and National Day holiday is expected to exceed 2.36 billion people, with an average daily flow of approximately 295 million, representing a 3.2% increase compared to the same period last year [1][1] - Domestic and international tourism is showing strong momentum, with cities like Shanghai, Chengdu, Beijing, Guangzhou, Xi'an, Hangzhou, Nanjing, and Chongqing expected to surpass last year's tourism levels [1][1] Group 2: Metals Industry - Eight departments have issued a plan to stabilize growth in the non-ferrous metals industry, targeting an average annual increase of 5% in industry value added and a recycling metal output exceeding 20 million tons [1][1] - The plan emphasizes enhancing the application of rare metals and accelerating the application verification of high-end products in emerging industries such as integrated circuits and artificial intelligence [1][1] Group 3: Food Safety Regulations - The State Administration for Market Regulation has released new regulations to strengthen food safety supervision for catering service chain enterprises, which will take effect on December 1, 2025 [1][1] - The regulations require a tiered management approach based on the number of stores and emphasize the responsibilities of headquarters in managing food safety [1][1] Group 4: Economic Indicators - The global trade friction index rose from 92 in June to 110 in July, indicating an increase in trade tensions, with the monetary value of trade friction measures rising by 6.6% year-on-year and 27.6% month-on-month [1][1] - The latest ETF scale has reached 5.5 trillion yuan, marking a historical high, with 115 ETFs exceeding 10 billion yuan in scale [1][1] Group 5: Investment and Strategic Partnerships - Nanjing Pharmaceutical has signed a strategic investment agreement with Baiyunshan and Guangyao Phase II Fund, involving capital cooperation and distribution channel collaboration [1][1] - Shanghai Future Industry Fund has successfully expanded its scale from 10 billion yuan to 15 billion yuan, focusing on advanced fields such as controlled nuclear fusion and quantum computing [1][1]

Market Overview - The Hong Kong stock market showed mixed performance with the Hang Seng Index closing flat at 26,545.1 points and a total turnover of HKD 37.68 billion. The Hang Seng China Enterprises Index rose by 0.17% to 9,472.35 points, while the Hang Seng Tech Index increased by 0.37% to 6,294.42 points. For the week, the Hang Seng Index gained 0.59%, the China Enterprises Index rose by 1.15%, and the Tech Index increased by 5.09% [1] Blue Chip Performance - Sands China (01928) led blue-chip stocks with a rise of 6.19% to HKD 21.6, contributing 4.77 points to the Hang Seng Index. The upcoming National Day and Mid-Autumn Festival boosted demand for gaming stocks, with strong expectations for the Golden Week based on nearly full hotel bookings [2][4] - Other notable blue-chip performances included China Hongqiao (01378) up 4.67% to HKD 26.46, and Galaxy Entertainment (00027) up 4.22% to HKD 42.46 [2] Sector Highlights Gaming Sector - The gaming sector saw significant gains, with Melco International Development (00200) up 6.6% and Wynn Macau (01128) up 6.02%. Macau's gaming revenue reached MOP 22.16 billion in August, marking a 12.2% year-on-year increase [3][4] Gold Stocks - Gold stocks rebounded, with Shandong Gold (01787) rising 6.13% to HKD 35.68. The price of spot gold rose above USD 3,650 following the Federal Reserve's interest rate cut, with long-term gold investment still seen as valuable due to ongoing economic concerns [4] Coal Sector - The coal sector performed well, with Yanzhou Coal Mining (01171) up 6.51% to HKD 10.63. Recent investigations into overproduction in Inner Mongolia are expected to stabilize coal production levels [5][6] Robotics Sector - The robotics sector showed mixed results, with Sanhua Intelligent Control (02050) down 6.21% while Delta Electronics (00179) rose 5.78%. Recent news regarding Tesla's plans for humanoid robots has created volatility in this sector [6] Notable Stock Movements - Jinfang Pharmaceutical-B (02595) debuted with a remarkable increase of 106.47% to HKD 42.1, focusing on cancer and autoimmune disease treatments [7] - Hongteng Precision (06088) surged 21.44% to HKD 5.89, benefiting from Nvidia's investment in Intel for AI infrastructure [8] - Cloud Financial (00376) rose 10.55% to HKD 6.39 after appointing a former Ant Group executive to lead its Web3 development [9] - Weimob Group (02013) increased by 10% to HKD 2.86, announcing a share placement to raise approximately HKD 1.555 billion [10] - Ganfeng Lithium (01772) saw a rise of 9.51% to HKD 37.3, with full production capacity in energy storage cells and ongoing developments in solid-state batteries [11] - Yangtze Optical Fibre and Cable (06869) reached a new high, increasing by 8.55% to HKD 61.6, driven by interest in hollow-core fiber optics [12]

Market Performance - The Hong Kong stock market indices rebounded after a midday drop, with the Hang Seng Index rising by 0.12%, the Hang Seng China Enterprises Index increasing by 0.35%, and the Hang Seng Tech Index up by 0.62% [1] Sector Performance - Major technology stocks showed active performance, with JD.com up by 3.5% and Alibaba increasing by 1.45%. Meituan, Tencent, and Baidu also saw gains, while Netease fell by nearly 2%, and Kuaishou and Xiaomi experienced slight declines [1] - Macau gaming stocks surged, with Wynn Macau and Melco International Development both rising over 5%, as Goldman Sachs predicts continued strong momentum in the sector [1] - Gold stocks rebounded collectively, leading to increases in copper and aluminum stocks, while semiconductor stocks continued their upward trend [1] - Coal, military, sports goods, and building materials sectors also saw gains [1] Underperforming Sectors - The biopharmaceutical sector was mostly sluggish, with Innovent Biologics, CanSino Biologics, and Luye Pharma leading the decline among innovative drug stocks [1] - Chinese brokerage stocks, electric power stocks, education stocks, telecom stocks, and paper industry stocks generally performed poorly [1]

Report Industry Investment Rating The document does not provide the industry investment rating. Core Viewpoints of the Report - The Fed cut interest rates by 25 basis points in September, in line with market expectations, and the dot - plot shows two more rate cuts this year. The market has different reactions to various asset classes due to this rate cut and other factors such as supply - demand fundamentals and policy expectations [1][12][16]. - The prices of most commodities and financial products are in an oscillatory state, and the future trends are affected by multiple factors including macro - economic policies, supply - demand relationships, and geopolitical situations [3][4][23]. Summary by Relevant Catalogs 1. Financial News and Comments 1.1 Macro Strategy (Gold) - The Fed cut interest rates by 25bp, and the gold price fell from its high. The short - term upside momentum of gold is lacking, and there is a risk of callback [12][13]. 1.2 Macro Strategy (Foreign Exchange Futures - US Dollar Index) - The Fed's September rate cut of 25bp was in line with expectations, and the dollar index oscillated. It is expected to continue oscillating in the short term [14][16][17]. 1.3 Macro Strategy (US Stock Index Futures) - The Fed's rate cut of 25bp supported market risk appetite. It is recommended to take a bullish approach, but be aware of market fluctuations caused by economic data changes [18]. 1.4 Macro Strategy (Treasury Bond Futures) - The central bank conducted reverse repurchase operations. The bond market is affected by multiple factors, and it is recommended to be cautious and not chase the market [19][20]. 2. Commodity News and Comments 2.1 Black Metal (Steam Coal) - International coal prices followed the upward trend. The coal price is expected to continue oscillating in the short term, with limited space for movement [21][22]. 2.2 Black Metal (Iron Ore) - The iron ore price continued to oscillate. The fundamentals are supportive, but the upside is restricted by finished products. Be vigilant about the demand decline after October [23]. 2.3 Agricultural Products (Soybean Meal) - Ukraine imposed a 10% export tariff on soybeans. The soybean meal price was affected by Sino - US negotiations. If an agreement is reached, the short - term price may be weak [24][25]. 2.4 Agricultural Products (Soybean Oil/Rapeseed Oil/Palm Oil) - The palm oil production decreased in September, but the price increase was limited. The soybean oil price was affected by Sino - US relations. It is recommended to wait and see for unilateral trading and pay attention to positive spreads for some varieties [26][27]. 2.5 Agricultural Products (Red Dates) - The red date price was stable. The consumption was weak during the pre - holiday season. It is recommended to wait and see or conduct short - term operations [28][29]. 2.6 Black Metal (Rebar/Hot - Rolled Coil) - The steel price continued to oscillate. The demand was weak, but the cost support and anti - involution policy expectations provided support. It is recommended to use an oscillatory trading strategy [30][33][34]. 2.7 Black Metal (Coking Coal/Coke) - The coking coal auction prices in Lvliang fluctuated. The supply increased, and the price is expected to continue oscillating in the short term [35][36]. 2.8 Agricultural Products (Pigs) - The pig production capacity control meeting was held. It is recommended to short near - month contracts and pay attention to the reverse spread [37][38]. 2.9 Non - ferrous Metals (Copper) - The Fed's rate cut had a neutral impact on copper. The macro factors' support for copper weakened, and the price is expected to oscillate at a high level [40][41][42]. 2.10 Non - ferrous Metals (Polysilicon) - The polysilicon price may rise slightly. The futures price is expected to oscillate between 50,000 - 60,000 yuan/ton, and pay attention to the anti - spread opportunity [44][45][46]. 2.11 Non - ferrous Metals (Industrial Silicon) - Sichuan silicon plants plan to cut production. The price is expected to oscillate between 8,200 - 9,200 yuan/ton. Pay attention to interval trading opportunities [47]. 2.12 Non - ferrous Metals (Lead) - The demand for lead improved marginally. It is recommended to wait and see for the short term and consider buying on dips for the medium term [48][49]. 2.13 Non - ferrous Metals (Zinc) - The zinc price had a large uncertainty in the short term. It is recommended to wait and see for the short term, pay attention to the positive spread opportunity, and maintain the positive spread idea for internal and external trading [50][51][52]. 2.14 Non - ferrous Metals (Lithium Carbonate) - The lithium carbonate price may decline after the demand peak. It is recommended to take a bearish approach, be cautious in the short term, and pay attention to the anti - spread opportunity [55][56]. 2.15 Energy and Chemicals (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) - The LPG price is expected to oscillate in the short term [57][59]. 2.16 Energy and Chemicals (Crude Oil) - The crude oil price oscillated and declined. Pay attention to the impact of geopolitical conflicts on the price in the short term [60][61]. 2.17 Energy and Chemicals (PX) - The PX price oscillated. It is recommended to try positive spreads between November and January [62][63]. 2.18 Energy and Chemicals (PTA) - The PTA price oscillated in the short term [65][66]. 2.19 Energy and Chemicals (Styrene) - The styrene port inventory pressure eased marginally. The price is expected to oscillate in the short term, and pay attention to the post - peak season inventory problem and oil price fluctuations [68][69]. 2.20 Energy and Chemicals (Caustic Soda) - The caustic soda price may decline, but the downward space is limited [70][72]. 2.21 Energy and Chemicals (Pulp) - The pulp market oscillated weakly [73][74]. 2.22 Energy and Chemicals (PVC) - The PVC price had a limited rebound. The fundamentals are weak, and the future may continue to be weak [75]. 2.23 Energy and Chemicals (Bottle Chips) - The bottle chip demand is entering the off - season. The price is under pressure, and further production cuts may not improve the processing fee [76][77]. 2.24 Energy and Chemicals (Soda Ash) - The soda ash price oscillated. It is recommended to short on rallies and pay attention to supply - side disturbances [78][79]. 2.25 Energy and Chemicals (Float Glass) - The float glass price increased slightly. It is recommended to pay attention to the spread trading opportunity of going long on glass 2601 and short on soda ash 2601 [80][81]. 2.26 Shipping Index (Container Freight Rate) - The container freight rate may continue to decline. It is recommended to hold short positions [83].

Core Viewpoint - The Tokyo stock market experienced a rebound on September 4, with the Nikkei 225 index rising by 1.53% and the Tokyo Stock Exchange Price Index increasing by 1.03% [1] Market Performance - The Nikkei index closed up by 641.38 points at 42580.27 points, while the Tokyo Stock Exchange index rose by 31.28 points to close at 3080.17 points [1] - The market showed a volatile upward trend during the day, influenced by the previous day's decline and the rise of the Nasdaq index in New York [1] Sector Analysis - Most of the 33 industry sectors on the Tokyo Stock Exchange saw gains, with banking, non-ferrous metals, and insurance sectors leading the increases [1] - Conversely, sectors such as mining, rubber products, and chemicals experienced slight declines [1] Investor Sentiment - Market participants noted a shift in investor focus from growth stocks to value stocks, reflecting changing market dynamics [1]