我们回顾历史上出现的 5 次债券牛市转熊市经验，以期为当下债市走势提供借 鉴。 一、2002 年以来 5 轮债券牛市转熊市复盘 2003 年 9 月-2004 年 12 月：通胀上行+货币政策收紧导致债熊。 1998 年 至 2002 年中国处于价格水平偏低的阶段，在房改政策、中国加入 WTO 等需求侧 政策的支持下，进入 2003 年中国价格水平开始回升。而为了应对通胀回升的压 力，央行提前收紧货币政策，从而导致债市走熊。央行主动收紧资金面是触发利 率上行的导火索。2003 年 8 月 23 日央行宣布上调法定准备金率，央行将存款 类金融机构法定存款准备金利率均提升 1 个百分点至 7%。央行在 3 季度货币 政策执行报告中表示，此次提升存款准备金率主要为了"防止货币信贷总量过快 增长"。 证券研究报告 | 债券专题报告 2025 年 8 月 12 日 债市牛转熊的历史经验 2016 年 10 月-2017 年 11 月：金融去杠杆驱动的债熊。2016 年 1-10 月，利率 呈"M"型震荡下行走势。2016 年 10 月中旬后，债市进入漫长的熊市周期，持 续时间长达 13 个月，10 年期国债利率中枢由 ...

Investment Rating - The industry is rated as "Recommended" with a positive outlook for the sector's fundamentals, expecting the industry index to outperform the benchmark index [2][35]. Core Insights - As of June 2025, the total deposit scale in China reached 280.7 trillion, with household deposits at 162 trillion and corporate deposits at 118.7 trillion. The growth rates from 2018 to mid-2025 show household time deposits increased by 165.4%, significantly outpacing corporate deposits [5][9][24]. - The estimated maturity of time deposits in 2025 is approximately 105 trillion, with a year-on-year increase of 14 trillion. This includes about 45 trillion maturing in the first quarter, indicating a substantial liquidity source for the capital market [15][30]. - The re-pricing of time deposits maturing from 2022 to 2024 is projected to reduce the annualized cost of liabilities for banks by approximately 1.5 trillion, contributing positively to the banks' interest margins [24][30]. - The liquidity impact of maturing time deposits is expected to create significant market expectations, with potential inflows into the capital market if market sentiment aligns [30][31]. Summary by Sections Current Deposit Scale and Structure - As of June 2025, total deposits in China are 280.7 trillion, with household deposits at 162 trillion and corporate deposits at 118.7 trillion. The growth rates from 2018 to mid-2025 indicate a significant increase in household time deposits [5][9][24]. Maturity Scale and Rhythm of Time Deposits - The estimated total maturity of time deposits in 2025 is around 105 trillion, with a notable increase in the first quarter. The data suggests a growing trend in the maturity of time deposits, which is crucial for liquidity in the capital market [15][30]. Impact on Interest Margins from Maturing Time Deposits - The re-pricing of time deposits maturing from 2022 to 2024 is expected to lower banks' annualized liability costs by about 1.5 trillion, positively affecting interest margins. This is anticipated to alleviate pressure on banks' interest margins starting in the second half of 2025 [24][30]. Liquidity Impact of Maturing Time Deposits - The large scale of maturing deposits is expected to create significant liquidity impacts, with potential inflows into the capital market. However, the transition of wealth into the capital market is viewed as a long-term process rather than an immediate outcome [30][31].

Investment Rating - The report maintains a "Strong Buy" rating for the company [2] Core Insights - The company has announced a second stock incentive plan, aiming to grant up to 556,000 restricted shares to 9 core management personnel, representing approximately 0.139% of the total share capital, to further strengthen the core team [5][6] - The company's revenue and net profit forecasts for 2025-2027 have been adjusted to 790 million, 1 billion, and 1.26 billion respectively, with corresponding EPS predictions of 1.98, 2.51, and 3.16, leading to a PE ratio of 37.5x in 2026 [5][6] - The company is expected to achieve revenue growth rates of no less than 25%, 53%, and 84% for 2025-2027, and net profit growth rates of no less than 16%, 32%, and 45% during the same period [5][6] Financial Data Summary - Total revenue for 2023 is projected at 4.327 billion, with a year-on-year growth of 27%, and is expected to reach 6.694 billion by 2025, reflecting a growth rate of 28% [6][9] - The company's net profit for 2023 is estimated at 429 million, with a growth of 61%, and is projected to grow to 794 million by 2025, maintaining a growth rate of 27% [6][9] - The company's return on equity (ROE) is forecasted to increase from 15.8% in 2023 to 20.9% by 2027 [9]

Investment Rating - The report initiates coverage with a "Strong Buy" rating for the company [1][7]. Core Views - The company is focusing on its core apparel business while exiting the real estate sector, which may lead to short-term revenue pressure. However, as consumer demand recovers, the benefits of its multi-brand strategy and upgraded channel structure are expected to materialize [1][6][7]. Summary by Sections Company Overview - Founded in 1979, the company has transitioned from a three-pillar model (apparel, real estate, and investment) to a focus on its core apparel business. The apparel segment has maintained a leading market share in men's shirts and suits for over 20 years. The company officially exited the real estate business in 2024 to optimize its investment structure [6][13]. Financial Performance - In 2024, the company reported total revenue of 141.88 billion CNY, with a net profit of 27.67 billion CNY. The apparel and real estate segments contributed 48% and 53% to total revenue, respectively. The net profit breakdown was 16% from apparel, 6% from real estate, and 80% from investments [6][16]. Apparel Business Strategy - The apparel segment generated revenue of 57.34 billion CNY in 2024, with a net profit of 4.31 billion CNY. The main brand, YOUNGOR, accounted for over 90% of revenue. The company has expanded its brand portfolio to include high-end outdoor and luxury children's wear, with significant growth in sub-brands [6][43][59]. Investment and Real Estate - The company has reduced its real estate activities, with no new projects since 2023, and aims to accelerate the sale of existing inventory. In 2024, real estate revenue was 74.71 billion CNY, with a net profit of 1.54 billion CNY. The investment segment has maintained net profits between 1.5 billion to 2.5 billion CNY in recent years, focusing on fashion industry investments [6][7][39]. Profit Forecast and Valuation - The company forecasts revenues of 137.74 billion CNY, 101.73 billion CNY, and 98.22 billion CNY for 2025, 2026, and 2027, respectively, with net profits of 30.10 billion CNY, 32.11 billion CNY, and 34.57 billion CNY. The current market capitalization corresponds to a PE ratio of 11.4X for 2025 and 10.6X for 2026 [7][8].

Core Insights - The World Robot Conference 2025 has commenced, showcasing over 1,500 exhibits from more than 200 domestic and international robot companies, with over 100 new products launched, marking a record for similar events [2][5][19] - OpenAI released GPT-5, which is now the default model for ChatGPT, demonstrating significant advancements in coding, mathematics, writing, health, and visual perception [2][5][62] - Recent trading hotspots include lithium mining, defense and military, PEEK materials, brain-computer interfaces, and semiconductor chips [2][5][19] Industry Trends - The World Robot Conference emphasizes the theme "Making Robots Smarter and Bodies More Intelligent," highlighting breakthroughs in both software and hardware [5][19] - China remains the largest market for industrial robots, with an expected installation of 290,000 units in 2024, representing a 5% growth and increasing its global market share from 51% to 54% [21][22] - The industrial robot production in China reached 370,000 units in the first half of the year, with a year-on-year growth of 35.6% [22] Recent Developments - The release of GPT-5 is expected to boost demand for computing infrastructure, particularly in sectors like industrial automation and healthcare [62] - The brain-computer interface market in China is projected to exceed 3.8 billion yuan by 2025, indicating rapid growth and increasing market share [17] - The semiconductor industry is experiencing a price increase due to recent tariffs, which may lead to improved profit expectations for related companies [18] Investment Recommendations - Short-term focus on sectors with marginal improvements: AI applications, AI hardware, non-bank financials, defense and military, and innovative pharmaceuticals [5] - Long-term investment should consider the progress of societal intelligence, domestic substitution cycles, and the carbon neutrality initiative [5]

Investment Rating - The report maintains a positive outlook on the chemical industry, suggesting to focus on chemical products with significant market potential [4][5]. Core Insights - The chemical sector experienced a 2.33% increase in the first week of August, outperforming the Shanghai Composite Index by 0.22 percentage points [12]. - The top five performing stocks in the sector included Anli Co. (+51.6%) and *ST Jintai (+19.18%) [12]. - The report highlights the significant price increase of formic acid (+28.62%) and other chemicals, indicating strong market dynamics [3][21]. Industry Performance - The chemical industry had 29 sub-industries rising and 3 declining in the first week of August, with potassium fertilizer leading the gains at +11.61% [2][17]. - The dynamic PE ratio for the chemical sector is reported at 27.11 times, slightly below the average PE since 2015 [12]. Price and Spread Trends - The report lists the top five products with the highest price increases, including formic acid (+28.62%) and dichloromethane (+17.5%) [3][21]. - The price spread for PX (naphtha-based) saw a significant increase of +36.66%, while PTA spread decreased by -52.14% [39][42]. Inventory Changes - Notable inventory changes include an increase in polyester filament (+14.71%) and epoxy propane (+12.92%) [60][62]. Recommendations - The report recommends focusing on companies with strong performance, such as Xinyangfeng and Guangxin Materials, which are expected to benefit from ongoing market trends [4].

Investment Rating - The report maintains a "Recommended" rating for the coal mining industry, indicating a positive outlook for the sector [5]. Core Views - The report highlights that the thermal coal market prices continue to rise, with significant increases observed in various indices as of August 8, 2025. For instance, the Yulin 5800 kcal index reached 569.0 CNY/ton, up 24.0 CNY/ton week-on-week [11][12]. - The report notes that the coal market is operating steadily with a slight upward trend, driven by supply constraints due to production checks and adverse weather conditions affecting mining operations. Downstream demand remains robust, particularly from power plants, which are increasing their coal procurement [11][12]. - The report anticipates that the supply will continue to tighten due to overproduction policies, and with high temperatures persisting nationwide, the daily coal consumption by power plants is expected to remain elevated, making thermal coal prices more likely to rise than fall [11][12]. Summary by Sections 1. Investment Views - The thermal coal market is experiencing price increases, with key indices showing significant week-on-week gains. The focus is on the supply-side constraints and strong downstream demand [11][12]. 2. Coal Sector Performance and Stock Review - The report indicates that the CSI 300 index rose by 1.23%, while the coal mining and washing index increased by 3.96%. Major coal companies like Shaanxi Coal and China Shenhua have shown notable stock performance [12][15]. 3. Important Announcements and News - Shaanxi Coal reported a 1.1% year-on-year increase in coal production for July, totaling 14.11 million tons. Nationally, coal imports in July decreased by 22.9% year-on-year but increased by 7.8% month-on-month [15][17][18]. 4. Dynamic Data Tracking - The report provides detailed tracking of coal prices, with significant increases noted in various coal types, particularly thermal coal and coking coal, reflecting market trends and supply-demand dynamics [19][21][28]. 5. Key Company Valuations - The report includes valuations for major coal companies, highlighting their market capitalizations and projected earnings, with China Shenhua leading with a market cap of 732.31 billion CNY and a projected net profit of 586.7 million CNY for 2024 [42].

Investment Rating - The report maintains a positive investment rating for the semiconductor industry, highlighting growth opportunities in various segments such as equipment, computing power, and foundry services [1]. Core Insights - The semiconductor industry is experiencing a favorable performance with increased capital expenditures from overseas CSP cloud vendors and TSMC raising its revenue growth guidance for 2025, indicating sustained demand for computing power [1][18]. - Domestic semiconductor equipment companies are showing improved order intake and performance, while overseas storage manufacturers benefit from demand for HBM and other high-end storage products, leading to a marginal recovery in revenue and profitability [1][19]. - The report emphasizes the importance of focusing on sectors with accelerating self-sufficiency and improving performance, particularly in equipment, computing power, foundry services, and the marginal recovery of storage and analog segments [1]. Summary by Sections Demand Side - The consumer electronics sector is witnessing a recovery in demand, driven by innovations in AI and automotive applications. Global smartphone shipments saw a year-on-year growth slowdown to 1% in Q2, while domestic shipments declined by 4% [8]. - The global PC market experienced a 6.5% year-on-year increase in shipments in Q2, although forecasts for H2 indicate a potential slowdown [8]. Inventory Side - The DOI (Days of Inventory) for major global smartphone chip manufacturers has slightly improved, with terminal customer inventories remaining low. Intel's inventory and DOI decreased in Q2, indicating a positive trend in inventory management [2]. Supply Side - TSMC is expanding its advanced process production lines in the U.S., with strong demand for AI data centers. The capacity utilization rates for major foundries like SMIC and UMC have shown improvements, indicating a recovery in production capabilities [3]. Price Side - Storage prices are steadily recovering, with DDR4 prices continuing to rise, albeit at a slower pace. The report suggests monitoring potential price increases in the analog chip sector, which could positively impact the industry [4]. Sales Side - In June 2025, global semiconductor sales reached $59.9 billion, a 19.6% increase compared to June 2024. The Asia-Pacific region, excluding China and Japan, saw significant sales growth [9]. Industry Chain Tracking - The report highlights that certain segments of the industry chain are showing signs of marginal improvement, particularly in design and IDM sectors, driven by the recovery in consumer demand and AI-related innovations [9]. - The report also notes that domestic storage module and niche storage chip companies are expected to benefit from price increases and inventory improvements, leading to a positive outlook for revenue and profitability [1][19]. Investment Recommendations - The report suggests focusing on companies in the semiconductor equipment sector, such as North Huachuang and Zhongwei Technology, as well as storage chip manufacturers like Zhaoyi Innovation and Puran Technology, which are expected to benefit from price recovery and improved sales [21].

Group 1 - The credit bond market continues to show a recovery trend, with short to medium-term bonds outperforming long-term bonds, as evidenced by a narrowing of credit spreads, particularly in 1-year and 3-year AA-rated bonds [1][4] - The overall credit spread for 1-year bonds narrowed by approximately 3-4 basis points, while 5-year and longer bonds saw a reduction of 1-2 basis points [1][9] - Specific sectors such as urban investment bonds and financial bonds experienced significant spread compression, with 1-year AA-rated urban investment bonds showing a notable decrease of 4 basis points [1][9] Group 2 - The overall turnover rate in the credit bond market decreased from 2.34% to 1.99%, indicating a decline in market trading activity [2] - The weighted average transaction duration for all credit bonds fell from 3.4 years to 3.1 years, with urban investment bonds maintaining an average duration of around 3.0 years [2][10] - The proportion of TKN (traded notional) in various credit bond categories generally increased, reflecting a shift in market dynamics [2][10] Group 3 - Investment funds were the primary contributors to the increased allocation in credit bonds, particularly focusing on bonds with maturities of 3 years or less [3] - Insurance funds shifted from net buying to net selling in ultra-long-term secondary capital bonds, indicating a change in investment strategy [3] - The net buying scale of credit bonds by wealth management products decreased, despite a sustained increase in allocation over the past three weeks [3] Group 4 - There is a potential for further spread compression in long-term credit bonds, suggesting that investors should consider opportunities in 3-5 year non-financial credit bonds [4] - The cancellation of the value-added tax exemption on interest income from government and financial bonds has improved the relative attractiveness of non-financial credit bonds [4] - Trading accounts are advised to focus on liquid short to medium-term urban investment bonds or major bank perpetual bonds for better trading opportunities [4]

Quantitative Models and Construction Methods 1. Model Name: Volume Timing Signal - **Model Construction Idea**: The core idea is that "the decline in a shrinking volume market is significantly greater than the rise in a shrinking volume market, so avoiding shrinking volume signals can achieve higher trading odds"[3][22][24] - **Model Construction Process**: 1. Calculate the rolling 60-day average and standard deviation of the turnover and turnover rate of the index or market[23] 2. Standardize the daily turnover data: - If the turnover is within ±2 standard deviations, map the score to -1~+1 - If the turnover exceeds ±2 standard deviations, assign a score of +1/-1 3. Combine the scores of turnover and turnover rate equally[23] 4. Generate signals based on the combined score: - Method 1: Go long if the score > 0, stay out if the score < 0 - Method 2: Use the rolling 5-year or 3-year percentile of the score; go long if above the 50th percentile, stay out if below[23] 5. The report adopts the simpler method of directly judging whether the score is greater than 0[23] - **Model Evaluation**: The model is not a high-win-rate strategy but achieves relatively high odds by avoiding significant market adjustments during shrinking volume periods[24] 2. Model Name: Growth-Value Style Rotation Model - **Model Construction Idea**: The model evaluates the relative attractiveness of growth and value styles based on macroeconomic cycles, valuation differences, and market sentiment[52][54] - **Model Construction Process**: 1. **Fundamentals**: - Growth is favored when the profit cycle slope is steep, interest rate levels are low, and the credit cycle is rising - Value is favored under the opposite conditions[52] 2. **Valuation**: - Growth is favored when the PE and PB valuation differences between growth and value are in the lower percentiles and mean-reverting upward[52] 3. **Sentiment**: - Growth is favored when turnover and volatility differences between growth and value are low[52] 4. Combine signals from fundamentals, valuation, and sentiment to determine the allocation between growth and value[52] - **Model Evaluation**: The model has shown significant improvement over the benchmark in terms of annualized returns and risk-adjusted performance[53][55] 3. Model Name: Small-Cap vs. Large-Cap Style Rotation Model - **Model Construction Idea**: The model evaluates the relative attractiveness of small-cap and large-cap styles based on macroeconomic cycles, valuation differences, and market sentiment[56][58] - **Model Construction Process**: 1. **Fundamentals**: - Small-cap is favored when the profit cycle slope is steep, interest rate levels are low, and the credit cycle is rising - Large-cap is favored under the opposite conditions[56] 2. **Valuation**: - Large-cap is favored when the PE and PB valuation differences between small-cap and large-cap are in the higher percentiles and mean-reverting downward[56] 3. **Sentiment**: - Small-cap is favored when turnover differences are high - Large-cap is favored when volatility differences are mean-reverting downward[56] 4. Combine signals from fundamentals, valuation, and sentiment to determine the allocation between small-cap and large-cap[56] - **Model Evaluation**: The model has shown significant improvement over the benchmark in terms of annualized returns and risk-adjusted performance[57][60] 4. Model Name: Four-Style Rotation Model - **Model Construction Idea**: Combines the conclusions of the growth-value and small-cap-large-cap rotation models to allocate across four styles: small-cap growth, small-cap value, large-cap growth, and large-cap value[61][63] - **Model Construction Process**: 1. Use the growth-value model to determine the allocation between growth and value 2. Use the small-cap-large-cap model to determine the allocation between small-cap and large-cap 3. Combine the two models to allocate across the four styles[61] - **Model Evaluation**: The model has shown significant improvement over the benchmark in terms of annualized returns and risk-adjusted performance, with consistent outperformance in most years[61][63] --- Model Backtest Results 1. Volume Timing Signal - **Win Rate**: 47.34%[24] - **Odds**: 1.75[24] - **Annualized Excess Return**: 6.87% (based on next-day open price)[34] - **Maximum Drawdown**: 31.40%[34] - **Return-to-Drawdown Ratio**: 0.4634[34] 2. Growth-Value Style Rotation Model - **Annualized Return**: 11.76%[55] - **Annualized Volatility**: 20.77%[55] - **Maximum Drawdown**: 43.07%[55] - **Sharpe Ratio**: 0.5438[55] - **Return-to-Drawdown Ratio**: 0.2731[55] 3. Small-Cap vs. Large-Cap Style Rotation Model - **Annualized Return**: 12.45%[60] - **Annualized Volatility**: 22.65%[60] - **Maximum Drawdown**: 50.65%[60] - **Sharpe Ratio**: 0.5441[60] - **Return-to-Drawdown Ratio**: 0.2459[60] 4. Four-Style Rotation Model - **Annualized Return**: 13.37%[63] - **Annualized Volatility**: 21.51%[63] - **Maximum Drawdown**: 47.91%[63] - **Sharpe Ratio**: 0.5988[63] - **Return-to-Drawdown Ratio**: 0.2790[63]