文 ： 华创证券研究所副所长 、首席宏观分析师 张瑜（执业证号：S0360518090001） 联系人： 袁玲玲（微信 Yuen43） 核心观点 报告摘要 （一）出行：维持韧性，但增速较五一趋缓 今年国庆出行仍有韧性，但增速较五一假期边际放缓 。 据交通运输部数据，假期前五天，全社会跨区域人员流动量同比 +5.3% ， 五一假期同比 +7.9% 。 结构上，增速偏低的是与中长途旅游相关的铁路和民航 ， 同比增速均不到 4% ，五一假期同比增速均在 10% 以上。 偏高的是水 路和出入境 ， 水路客运同比 8.7% ，主要受城市观光游、邮轮游推动；出入境增长明显，前 6 日国际航班执行数同比 11.7% ，明 显高于整体民航增速。 国庆假期，出行仍有韧性，但增速较五一趋缓 。 假期前 5 日，全社会跨区域人员流动量同比增长 5.3% ，但增速较五一假期的 7.9% 有所放缓。结构上，增速偏低的是与中长途旅游相关的铁路民航，偏高的是水路和出入境。 零售消费增速偏低，同比增长 3.3% ，或隐含 10 月社零有一定压力。结构上，国补在 10 月延续，拉动家居家电实现双位数增长。 物价冷热不均 。 食品价格稳定，白酒 ...

证 券 研 究 报 告 【宏观快评】 物价的三个变化——9 月经济数据前瞻 核心观点：展望 9 月，从物价角度来看，关注的是三个变化。 首先，制造业投资累计增速或将是 2021 年以来首次低于 GDP 累计增速，预计 1-9 月制造业投资累计增速为 4.0%，前三季度 GDP 累计增速为 5.1%左右（三 季度当季预计为 4.8%左右）。这有助于改善中期维度的供需矛盾。其次，物价 的领先指标，金融层面的 M1 或开始回落，这意味着未来 3-4 个季度的物价走 势存在反复的可能。再次，物价的静态表现，9 月 PPI 同比收窄，但环比或再 次转跌，反映了当下终端需求尤其是内需依然偏弱的状态，预计 9 月社零同比 3.2%左右，1-9 月固投累计增速-0.2%，9 月出口同比 6%左右。 以上三个变化对于政策而言，需密切关注短期经济运行，适时在终端需求层面 予以加力。根据 9 月 29 日发改委发布会，"将持续加强经济监测预测预警，做 好政策预研储备，根据形势变化及时推出"。 近期以来，政策已经有所微调的包括一线城市的地产限购政策、政策性金融工 具的加速推进（5000 亿补充资本金）、第四批以旧换新额度下达（10 ...

本文来自格隆汇专栏：中信证券研究 作者：明明 彭阳 孙毓铭 ▍政策实施情况： 上半年国补资金快速消耗，带动以旧换新政策火热推进，但部分地区出现额度紧张甚至阶段性暂停。进 入下半年后，地方普遍采取定时、限额、摇号等方式控制发放节奏。以上海为例，自9月起家电家居补 贴改为公证摇号，每两周一次，以平衡资金使用并扩大覆盖面。 ▍结构性成效与消费拉动： 2025年的以旧换新政策补贴范围和标准进一步扩围：家电类由8大类扩至12大类，新增手机、平板、智 能手表等数码产品，汽车报废更新范围扩大，家装、电动车等同样获支持。这些举措显著提振了耐用品 消费，推动消费结构向智能化、绿色化升级。1-5月社零增速保持在5.0%，明显高于去年同期，显示政 策刺激传导迅速而有效。 ▍边际效应与后续展望： 6月以来，受资金消耗过快与去年高基数影响，社零增速有所放缓。社零增速1-5月高达5.0%，6-8月当 月增速分别下滑至4.8%、3.7%和3.4%。补贴边际效应有所减弱，但整体仍可控，随着最后一批资金落 地叠加年末消费旺季，预计下半年社零仍有条件维持温和增长。需要关注的是居民可能形成"等补再 买"的心理和部分超前消费倾向，但在政策节奏管理和 ...

Core Viewpoint - The economic outlook for August indicates resilience under the easing of external demand pressures and the gradual withdrawal of extraordinary internal policies, with highlights in exports, production, and service consumption, while manufacturing investment, infrastructure investment, and durable goods consumption may continue to weaken due to policy rhythms [2][4]. Exports - It is expected that August dollar-denominated exports will grow by approximately 7% year-on-year, while imports will increase by around 2%. Key observations include a significant year-on-year increase of 9% in port container throughput and a manufacturing PMI average of 50.88% among major economies [4][14][15]. Production - The industrial growth rate for August is projected to be around 6.0%. High-energy-consuming industries are expected to remain stable, with a recovery in crude steel production growth. However, downstream consumption production may be relatively weak, as indicated by a PMI of 49.2% in the consumer goods sector [5][13]. Service Consumption - August is expected to see improved resident travel conditions, with increases in the business activity index and new orders in the railway and aviation sectors, likely boosting dining, accommodation, and entertainment consumption [5][21]. Social Financing and Investment - New social financing in August is anticipated to reach 2.1 trillion, an increase of 780 billion compared to the same period last year. The stock growth rate of social financing is expected to decline to around 8.7% [6][22]. - Fixed asset investment growth is projected to fall to around 1.0%, with manufacturing investment at 5.3% and real estate investment at -12.5% [6][18]. Price Levels - The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is expected to decline to around -0.5% year-on-year, while the Producer Price Index (PPI) is projected to recover from -3.6% to approximately -2.9% year-on-year [7][11][12]. Durable Goods Consumption - The "old-for-new" policy is being reintroduced with refined subsidy arrangements, but durable goods consumption growth may slow. Retail sales growth is expected to be around 3.8%, with automotive sales declining by 3.5% [6][20]. Real Estate Sales - Real estate sales area growth is expected to be around -8.0%, with significant declines in sales figures for major property companies [19]. Financial Sector - The government bond issuance and corporate bond issuance in August are projected to be around 1.2 trillion, with a decrease in net financing for government bonds and corporate bonds compared to the previous year [22][24].

Consumption - The contribution of trade-in programs to retail sales has weakened, with July retail sales growth declining by 1.1 percentage points to 3.7% year-on-year[3] - The personal consumption loan interest subsidy is expected to boost retail sales by approximately 0.2 percentage points, with a historical context showing a 1% subsidy could lead to a greater impact than previous years[4] - The consumer loan consumption rate has remained low, averaging around 2.5% since 2024, indicating a shift towards cash purchases rather than credit expansion[3] Production - Industrial production growth in July was 5.7%, down 1.1 percentage points from the previous value, with a month-on-month increase of only 0.38%[5] - Service sector production also saw a slight decline of 0.2 percentage points to 5.8% year-on-year, with mixed performance across various industries[5] Fixed Investment - Real estate investment has further declined, with July showing a year-on-year drop of 12.0%, and new housing sales showing signs of weakness[6] - Manufacturing investment has decreased by 1.3 percentage points to 6.2%, with significant declines in sectors such as non-ferrous metallurgy and chemical products[6] - Infrastructure investment turned negative for the first time since 2021, with broad infrastructure showing a decline of 1.9% year-on-year in July[6] Economic Outlook - The data from July indicates a further weakening of domestic demand, suggesting increased downward pressure on economic growth in Q4, which may prompt policy adjustments[7] - Risks include potential underperformance of policy measures and unexpected downturns in the U.S. economy[7]

1. Report Industry Investment Rating No relevant content provided. 2. Core Views of the Report 2.1 Stock Index Strategy - A-share broad-based indices had positive weekly gains, with the Science and Technology Innovation 50 having the largest cumulative increase of 4.63% and the CSI 500 rising over 3%. The US and the EU reached a trade agreement, and the US June durable goods orders had a sharp decline. China's June industrial enterprise profits showed a narrowing decline, and the CSRC aimed to consolidate the market. Considering the market sentiment cooling and high technical indicators, the stock index's slow bull trend remains unchanged, but there may be a near-term correction, so a defensive wait-and-see approach is advisable [12]. 2.2 Treasury Bond Strategy - In the bond market, funds are flowing out, and with macro events concentrated at the end of July and early August, the bond market may experience an adjustment in a volatile pattern. Whether to participate on the left side or wait for the release of position pressure depends on the investor's position, duration, and tolerance. It is recommended to focus on taking profits [13]. 2.3 PMI - In June, the manufacturing PMI rose to 49.7%, better than expected, with both supply and demand improving. However, there were structural differences, such as small enterprises' contraction intensifying and the high-tech manufacturing industry remaining flat. Only 7 out of 15 sub - industries had better sentiment than in May [20]. 2.4 Inflation - In May 2025, the CPI had a slight year - on - year decline, and the PPI also decreased year - on - year. The current price situation shows "food differentiation and services stronger than goods," and the core inflation momentum is still insufficient. The decline in PPI is affected by international and domestic factors, but there are also positive changes in some areas [29][32]. 2.5 Industrial Enterprise Profitability - In May, the year - on - year growth rate of profits of industrial enterprises above designated size declined, mainly due to the decline in volume, price, and profit margin, with the profit margin having the most significant impact. Enterprises may adopt a strategy of reducing prices to clear inventory [35]. 2.6 Fiscal Situation - From January to May, the national general public budget revenue decreased slightly year - on - year, while the expenditure increased. The tax revenue recovery margin slowed down, and the real - estate - related tax drag increased. The fiscal expenditure rhythm slowed down marginally, and the government fund revenue decline widened while the expenditure slowed down [38][41]. 2.7 Industrial Added Value - In May, the year - on - year growth rate of industrial added value declined, while the service industry added value increased. The production - sales imbalance persists, and export - related production is weak. The GDP growth rate in the second quarter is expected to exceed 5% [44]. 2.8 Fixed - Asset Investment - From January to May, the year - on - year growth rate of fixed - asset investment declined. Investment in infrastructure, manufacturing, and real estate all decreased. Although the real - estate physical volume was not weak this month, the real - estate investment was still under pressure in terms of funds [47]. 2.9 Social Retail Sales - In May, the year - on - year growth rate of social retail sales increased, mainly driven by the early start of the 618 promotion and the strong performance of the May Day holiday in driving offline consumption [50]. 2.10 Social Financing - In May, the new social financing was 2.3 trillion yuan, with government bonds being the main support. Although the social financing growth rate is expected to rise in the second and third quarters, there is still pressure for it to rise and then fall in the second half of the year [53]. 2.11 Import and Export - In May, China's exports and imports continued to grow, with exports performing well. The central region led the national foreign trade growth. Due to the Sino - US trade relationship and the leading growth rate of processing trade, exports are expected to maintain resilient growth in June [59]. 2.12 US Non - Farm Payrolls - In May 2025, the US labor market showed resilience, with more new jobs than expected. However, there were internal structural differences. The service industry had employment growth, while the commodity production sector was weak. The wage growth exceeded expectations, strengthening inflation concerns and giving the Fed more reason to stay on the sidelines [62][65]. 2.13 US CPI - In May, the US CPI and core CPI increased year - on - year as expected. The inflation pressure on core commodities and services was controllable. The Fed maintained the interest rate target range and emphasized high uncertainty, so it tended to stay on the sidelines [68]. 2.14 US PMI - In June, the US Markit manufacturing PMI was stable at 52, and the service industry PMI was slightly lower. The manufacturing growth was mainly driven by inventory, and the inflation pressure increased significantly. The current US economy shows a "weak expansion + high inflation" characteristic, and the growth momentum may further weaken [71]. 3. Summaries According to the Catalog 3.1 Financial Futures Strategy Recommendations 3.1.1 Stock Index Strategy - **Strategy Outlook**: Adopt a defensive wait - and - see approach [11]. - **Trend Review**: A - share broad - based indices had positive weekly gains [12]. - **Technical Analysis**: The RSI indicator shows a potential correction risk for the market index [12]. 3.1.2 Treasury Bond Strategy - **Strategy Outlook**: Focus on taking profits [13]. - **Trend Review**: The bond market was volatile, and the treasury bond futures showed a downward trend [13]. - **Technical Analysis**: The KDJ indicator shows that the T main contract may operate weakly in a volatile manner [13]. 3.2 Key Data Tracking 3.2.1 PMI - In June, the manufacturing PMI rose, with both supply and demand improving. However, there were structural differences among different enterprise sizes, industries, and sub - industries [20]. - The price and inventory situation also showed different characteristics at the industry level, with some industries replenishing inventory and others reducing inventory through price cuts [23]. - The non - manufacturing PMI rose, mainly due to the increase in the construction industry PMI, while the service industry PMI declined [26]. 3.2.2 Inflation - In May 2025, the CPI had a slight year - on - year decline, with food price differentiation and service prices being more resilient. The PPI decreased year - on - year, mainly affected by international and domestic factors, but there were positive changes in some areas [29][32]. 3.2.3 Profitability of Industrial Enterprises above Designated Size - In May, the year - on - year growth rate of profits declined, mainly due to the decline in volume, price, and profit margin. Enterprises may be adopting a strategy of reducing prices to clear inventory [35]. 3.2.4 Fiscal - From January to May, the national general public budget revenue decreased slightly year - on - year, and the expenditure increased. The tax revenue recovery margin slowed down, and the real - estate - related tax drag increased. The fiscal expenditure rhythm slowed down marginally, and the government fund revenue decline widened while the expenditure slowed down [38][41]. 3.2.5 Industrial Added Value - In May, the year - on - year growth rate of industrial added value declined, while the service industry added value increased. The production - sales imbalance persisted, and export - related production was weak [44]. 3.2.6 Fixed - Asset Investment - From January to May, the year - on - year growth rate of fixed - asset investment declined. Investment in infrastructure, manufacturing, and real estate all decreased. Although the real - estate physical volume was not weak this month, the real - estate investment was still under pressure in terms of funds [47]. 3.2.7 Social Retail Sales - In May, the year - on - year growth rate of social retail sales increased, mainly driven by the early start of the 618 promotion and the strong performance of the May Day holiday in driving offline consumption [50]. 3.2.8 Social Financing - In May, the new social financing was 2.3 trillion yuan, with government bonds being the main support. The social financing growth rate is expected to rise in the second and third quarters but may face pressure to rise and then fall in the second half of the year [53]. 3.2.9 Import and Export - In May, China's exports and imports continued to grow, with exports performing well. The central region led the national foreign trade growth. Exports are expected to maintain resilient growth in June [59]. 3.2.10 US Non - Farm Payrolls - In May 2025, the US labor market showed resilience, with more new jobs than expected. There were internal structural differences, and wage growth exceeded expectations, strengthening inflation concerns [62][65]. 3.2.11 US CPI - In May, the US CPI and core CPI increased year - on - year as expected. The inflation pressure on core commodities and services was controllable, and the Fed tended to stay on the sidelines [68]. 3.2.12 US PMI - In June, the US Markit manufacturing PMI was stable at 52, and the service industry PMI was slightly lower. The manufacturing growth was mainly driven by inventory, and the inflation pressure increased significantly [71]. 3.2.13 Weekly Focus - There are important economic indicators and events to be released in the coming week, including the US GDP, FOMC interest rate decision, and China's official and Caixin manufacturing PMIs [73].

Group 1 - The A-share market showed positive performance on July 18, with the Consumer ETF (159928) rising nearly 1% and achieving a trading volume exceeding 260 million yuan, marking a net inflow of over 85 million yuan over the past four days [1][3] - The Consumer ETF (159928) has a total scale exceeding 12.2 billion yuan, leading its peers significantly [1] - Key stocks within the Consumer ETF saw gains, including Luzhou Laojiao and Xin Nuo Wei rising over 3%, Shanxi Fenjiu over 2%, and Guizhou Moutai and Muyuan Foods over 1% [3] Group 2 - The external environment for the food delivery market is evolving, with a significant increase in competition among major players, leading to a surge in daily orders [8] - The online food delivery market has expanded rapidly, with online dining accounting for nearly 25% of total dining consumption, while dining revenue constitutes about 11.2% of total retail sales [5] - The impact of delivery subsidies is expected to drive a substantial increase in overall dining revenue, with projections indicating a 48.6% year-on-year growth in food delivery revenue for July [11]

Retail Sales Comparison - China's retail sales absolute value reached approximately 80% of the United States between 2021 and 2024 [1] - According to World Bank data, China's retail sales, in terms of actual purchasing power, exceeded the United States by 1.6 times [1]

Core Viewpoint - The actual GDP growth for Q2 2025 is 5.2%, showing recovery from the previous year's lower growth rates, while nominal GDP growth remains a concern at 3.9% [1][7][9]. Economic Structure and Growth Drivers - The actual growth is supported by broad-based increases in various sectors: manufacturing investment grew by 17.3%, durable goods consumption saw a 30.7% increase in retail sales of major appliances, and service consumption rose by 5.3% [1][9]. - Exports also contributed positively, with a year-on-year increase of 5.9% in the first half of the year [1][9]. Industrial Capacity Utilization - The industrial capacity utilization rate for Q2 is 74.0%, slightly down from 74.1% in Q1 and 76.2% in the previous year, indicating a slowdown but with a deceleration in the rate of decline [2][10]. - Specific sectors like coal, food and beverage, chemicals, and automotive are experiencing lower utilization rates, while electrical machinery shows signs of improvement [2][10]. June Economic Indicators - In June, industrial value-added growth reached 6.8%, the highest in three months, driven by factors such as tariff adjustments and increased production in emerging sectors like industrial robots and integrated circuits [3][13]. - Retail sales growth in June fell to 4.8%, the lowest in four months, with significant declines in sectors like dining and beverages, while automotive sales showed resilience with a 4.6% increase [4][14]. Investment Trends - Fixed asset investment growth slowed to 2.8% year-on-year, with manufacturing investment particularly affected, possibly due to high prior usage of equipment renewal funds [5][15]. - Real estate sales and investment continued to decelerate, indicating a need for new policies to stabilize the market after a period of demand release [5][16][17]. Summary of Economic Performance - The first half of the year saw an actual growth of 5.3%, laying a solid foundation for achieving around 5% growth for the year [6][19]. - Key concerns include nominal GDP, industrial capacity utilization, and the ongoing decline in retail and real estate sectors, highlighting the need for effective policy signals to support investment and consumption [6][19].

Core Viewpoint - The article highlights key economic indicators and events in China and the US, focusing on inflation data, GDP growth, and trade statistics, which are crucial for understanding market trends and potential investment opportunities [4][6][8]. Group 1: Economic Data in China - In June, China's imports decreased by 3.4% year-on-year, while exports increased by 4.8% [2]. - The GDP for the second quarter of 2023 showed a year-on-year growth of 5.4%, with a quarter-on-quarter increase of 1.2% [9]. - The social retail sales in June grew by 6.4%, marking the highest growth since December 2023, driven by policies promoting consumption [14]. - Real estate development investment in the first half of 2023 saw a significant decline of 10.7% [2]. Group 2: Economic Data in the US - The US Consumer Price Index (CPI) for June showed a year-on-year increase of 2.9%, slightly above the previous month's 2.8% [2]. - The Producer Price Index (PPI) for June increased by 2.5% year-on-year, indicating persistent inflationary pressures [3]. - Retail sales in the US experienced a decline in May, with the largest drop since March 2023, primarily due to decreased automobile purchases [21]. Group 3: Key Events and Statements - The US Federal Reserve's Beige Book indicated heightened economic uncertainty due to tariffs, affecting business and consumer decision-making [23]. - Trump's upcoming statement regarding Russia is anticipated to impact market sentiment and geopolitical dynamics [19][20]. - The European Central Bank's inflation data showed a 2% increase in June, aligning with its target and influencing future monetary policy decisions [25].