摘要 事件： 5月09日，央行发布2025年一季度货币政策执行报告（以下简称《报告》）。 经济形势分析：当前外部冲击影响加大，我国经济持续回升向好的基础还需要进一步稳固。 央行对外部环境关注度显著提高，《报告》指出"当前外部冲击影响加大，世界经济增长动能不足，贸易 保护主义抬头，地缘冲突持续存在"。 2024年四季度报告对应表述是"当前外部环境变化带来的不利影响 加深"。两次相比较，本次更加突出了外部环境的不利影响，显示出央行密切关注美国单边贸易保护主义 对我国经济的扰动。 央行肯定一季度经济表现，并强调要"要坚定发展信心，以高质量发展的确定性应对外部环境变化的不确 定性"。 2024年四季度报告认为"国内需求不足、风险隐患仍然较多等困难挑战也还存在"，而本次报告则 认为"我国经济持续回升向好的基础还需要进一步稳固"。针对下一阶段，央行强调我国具备诸多优势条 件，经济长期向好的基本趋势没有改变。 政策基调：灵活把握政策实施的力度和节奏，降低银行负债成本。 总基调方面，《报告》提出"灵活把握政策实施的力度和节奏"，后续货币政策或更重视执行过程中的动 态响应。 《报告》将上季度报告的"择机调整优化"，修改为"灵活 ...

Core Viewpoint - The leading indicators suggest that "export rush" may continue into May, with April exports showing a year-on-year increase of 8.1%, significantly influenced by the end of the Spring Festival distortion [2][3][11]. Export Analysis - The decline in April exports is primarily due to the fading impact of the Spring Festival distortion, with a calculated drag of 6.7 percentage points on the export growth rate [3][11]. - The strong performance in April exports is attributed to "export rush," including re-exports through emerging economies and transit through Mexico, with improvements in the data chain from production to shipping [3][19]. - Exports to ASEAN and South Korea saw significant increases, with growth rates of 21.0% and -0.1% respectively, indicating a recovery in trade relationships [3][19]. Resilience in Exports to the U.S. - Exports to the U.S. showed relative resilience, with a decline of only 20.9%, which is significantly less than the 145% tariff increase, indicating the difficulty of replacing Chinese manufacturing [4][30]. - The strong performance in intermediate and capital goods, such as ships and steel, reflects the trend of exporting production materials to emerging countries for processing and subsequent re-export to the U.S. [4][34]. Future Outlook - Leading indicators suggest that the "export rush" effect may persist into May, but uncertainties loom for June exports due to the 90-day tariff suspension on emerging economies and the one-month shipping delay [5][71]. - The processing trade imports, which are a leading indicator for export trends, showed a year-on-year increase of 5.0%, indicating continued export activity in May [5][71]. Regular Tracking - April exports showed a decline in consumer goods, with notable decreases in electronics and textiles, while capital goods like ships saw significant growth [6][42]. - Import growth in April was driven by a recovery in bulk commodity imports, with copper and iron ore showing increases of 22.0% and 8.0% respectively, reflecting a rebound in domestic investment demand [7][73].

Group 1 - The core viewpoint of the article emphasizes the importance of accelerating the establishment of a globally influential technology innovation hub, with a focus on internal economic stability and high-quality development amidst external uncertainties [2][11][12] - The Central Political Bureau meeting highlighted the need for rapid implementation of established policies, with an emphasis on "stabilizing employment" and ensuring policy consistency between fiscal and monetary measures [3][7] - The government is prioritizing employment services, targeting key groups such as college graduates, migrant workers, and vulnerable populations, with specific measures to enhance job creation and support [7][8] Group 2 - The article discusses the promotion of artificial intelligence (AI) development and regulation, emphasizing the need for policy support and talent cultivation in this strategic technology area [4][11] - The People's Bank of China and financial regulatory authorities are working to better serve small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) through improved supply chain financing practices and regulations [15][16] - A market access barrier cleanup initiative has been launched by the National Development and Reform Commission, focusing on eliminating local approval barriers and ensuring fair market access for all enterprises [17][18]

贾东旭 高级宏观分析师 侯倩楠 宏观分析师 联系人： 贾东旭 报告正文 事件： 5 月 7 日，国新办举行新闻发布会介绍 "一揽子金融政策支持稳市场稳预期" 情况 。 本次发布会的变与不变？三大部门负责人出席，更侧重详细阐释政策落实情况 继"9.24"金融政策发布会后，央行、金融监管总局、证监会负责人再度联合召开新闻发布会，详解本轮一 揽子金融政策支持进展。 4月中央政治局会议作出部署后，多部门已召开新闻发布会解读落实举措。 5月7 日，央行、金融监管总局、证监会负责人进一步详解稳市场强预期的一揽子金融政策。与"9.24"发布会相 似，本次发布会仍为三大金融相关部门负责人共同出席；不同在于，此次发布会紧跟4月中央政治局会议， 侧重对政策执行细则的深度解读。 本次发布会，央行重点介绍推出三大类型货币政策措施、十项具体举措。 三大类型包含，数量型政策，通 过降准等措施，加大中长期流动性供给；价格型政策，下调政策利率，降低结构性货币政策工具利率，也 就是中央银行向商业银行提供再贷款的利率，同时调降公积金贷款利率；结构型政策，完善现有结构性货 币政策工具，并创设新的政策工具，支持科技创新、扩大消费、普惠金融等领域。 ...

贾东旭 高级宏观分析师 侯倩楠 宏观分析师 联系人： 贾东旭 报告正文 事件： 5 月 7 日，国新办举行新闻发布会介绍 "一揽子金融政策支持稳市场稳预期" 情况 。 本次发布会的变与不变？三大部门负责人出席，更侧重详细阐释政策落实情况 继"9.24"金融政策发布会后，央行、金融监管总局、证监会负责人再度联合召开新闻发布会，详解本轮一 揽子金融政策支持进展。 4月中央政治局会议作出部署后，多部门已召开新闻发布会解读落实举措。 5月7 日，央行、金融监管总局、证监会负责人进一步详解稳市场强预期的一揽子金融政策。与"9.24"发布会相 似，本次发布会仍为三大金融相关部门负责人共同出席；不同在于，此次发布会紧跟4月中央政治局会议， 侧重对政策执行细则的深度解读。 本次发布会，央行重点介绍推出三大类型货币政策措施、十项具体举措。 三大类型包含，数量型政策，通 过降准等措施，加大中长期流动性供给；价格型政策，下调政策利率，降低结构性货币政策工具利率，也 就是中央银行向商业银行提供再贷款的利率，同时调降公积金贷款利率；结构型政策，完善现有结构性货 币政策工具，并创设新的政策工具，支持科技创新、扩大消费、普惠金融等领域。 ...

Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes the importance of consumption promotion policies in the context of economic growth pressures and external demand constraints, highlighting the need for effective measures to stimulate domestic consumption and improve residents' income and spending capacity [2][3][32]. Group 1: Historical Review of Consumption Promotion Policies - China's consumption promotion policies can be categorized into direct fiscal subsidies (e.g., rural subsidies, trade-in subsidies, consumption vouchers) and indirect support policies (e.g., tax exemptions) [2][11]. - The first round of rural subsidies (2009-2012) had significant effects, with a total of 765 billion yuan invested, leading to sales of 6,597.6 billion yuan, achieving a fiscal multiplier of 8.6 [24][27]. - Local governments primarily use consumption vouchers to stimulate various sectors, including tourism and dining, with funding sources from local finances and businesses [19][21]. Group 2: Factors Restricting Consumption - Short-term constraints on consumption recovery include slow income recovery and supply-side limitations, with property and transfer income only recovering to about 75% of pre-pandemic levels [4][40]. - Structural unemployment and damaged household balance sheets further limit consumption, with housing loans constituting 53.8% of total loans, making residents sensitive to housing price fluctuations [48][50]. - Long-term demographic changes, such as aging populations and mismatched supply and demand in services, pose additional challenges to consumption growth [5][53]. Group 3: Expectations for Consumption Promotion - Future consumption policies are expected to focus on increasing income and reducing expenses, with an emphasis on improving the social security system and developing the service sector [6][64]. - The government aims to enhance service consumption, with policies potentially expanding to include subsidies for sectors like dining, accommodation, and tourism [66][69]. - Improving income distribution and social security mechanisms is anticipated to play a significant role in boosting consumption in the medium to long term [74][76].

Group 1 - The core viewpoint of the article is that the implementation of Trump's "reciprocal tariffs" has exceeded market expectations, leading to significant financial market turbulence and raising concerns about the economic impact and potential recession in the U.S. [1][20][79] - The average tariff rate for all imported goods in the U.S. has risen to 27% (24% after exemptions), with tariffs on Chinese goods reaching 146.2%, contributing 20 percentage points to the overall rate [6][79][80] - The economic effect of tariffs is characterized as "stagflation," with market debates focusing on the balance between stagnation and inflation, and the Federal Reserve's monetary policy response [8][20][80] Group 2 - The probability of a U.S. recession is expected to rise significantly if tariff levels remain unchanged or are only slightly eased, with the market likely to grapple with issues of stagnation versus inflation in the coming quarters [2][20][74] - The typical recession path in the U.S. involves overheating, interest rate hikes by the Federal Reserve, credit contraction, and either hard or soft landings, but current economic structures do not align with this typical path [3][25][81] - Private capital expenditure has historically been a major contributor to GDP contraction during recessions, with an average GDP shrinkage of 1.7% during such periods, primarily driven by declines in private capital spending [3][25][36][81] Group 3 - Financial vulnerabilities have emerged since the implementation of reciprocal tariffs, with significant pressure on U.S. capital markets, including stocks, bonds, and currencies [4][49][50] - Short-term refinancing pressures in U.S. Treasury and corporate debt markets are a primary concern, but the transmission of liquidity shocks to systemic financial pressures remains manageable [49][50][62] - The Federal Reserve's independence and fiscal sustainability are critical factors influencing the credit risk associated with the U.S. dollar and Treasury securities in the long term [50][62][74]

Global Macro Overview - During the May Day holiday, overseas risk assets showed signs of recovery, with major stock indices in the US, Asia, and Europe rising significantly. The S&P 500, Nasdaq, and Dow Jones increased by 2.9%, 3.4%, and 3.0% respectively [3][8] - Oil prices experienced a substantial decline due to supply shocks, with WTI and Brent crude oil prices falling by 7.5% and 8.3% respectively [3][16] - The US dollar index saw a slight increase of 0.5%, while major currencies like the euro, pound, and yen depreciated against the dollar [14] Overseas Events & Data - The second round of trade negotiations between the US and Japan did not yield significant breakthroughs, although both sides reached agreements on expanding agricultural quotas and simplifying automotive inspections [4][20] - The US economy unexpectedly contracted in Q1 2025, with a GDP growth rate of -0.3% on a quarter-over-quarter basis, primarily due to increased imports and inventory accumulation [29][39] - Japan's central bank maintained its monetary policy stance amid trade uncertainties, downgrading its GDP growth forecasts for 2025 and 2026 [4][20] Domestic Data & Events - During the May Day holiday, domestic travel remained high, with cross-regional travel volume increasing by 5.7% year-on-year, reflecting a significant rise in public transportation usage [6][7] - Cross-border travel and county tourism saw notable growth, with domestic flights increasing by 3.6% compared to the Spring Festival [6] - The Chinese government has been proactive in promoting tourism consumption through subsidies and enhancing consumer experiences [6] Investment Insights - Warren Buffett expressed optimism about Japanese assets and criticized trade wars during the Berkshire Hathaway annual meeting, indicating a cautious but positive outlook on long-term investments in Japan [18][19] - The US Treasury's refinancing plan for Q2 2025 maintained the scale of bond auctions, indicating a reliance on short-term debt amid rising deficit pressures [27]

屠 强 资深高级宏观分析师 联系人： 屠强、耿佩璇 摘要 事件： 4月30日，国家统计局公布4月PMI指数，制造业PMI为49%、前值50.5%；非制造业PMI为50.4%、 前值50.8%。 核心观点：4月新出口订单已明显下滑，但内需如基建与消费品行业PMI仍维持韧性。 4月PMI整体与分项读数均有走弱，但相对来看新订单指数更弱，生产仍维持较高水平。 4月制造业PMI 边际下行1.5pct至49%；剔除供应商配货指数的PMI也回落1.5pct。结构上生产、新订单指数均有回落，边 际分别下行2.8、2.6pct。由于PMI为环比指标，反映本月制造业景气度较上月的边际变化；产需对比看， 新订单指数下行至49.2%，而生产指数仍在荣枯线附近（49.8%），反映本月需求偏弱，生产景气水平相 对较高。 需求内部呈现分化特征，其中新出口订单指数降幅较大，但内需订单更具韧性。 生产景气相对较高的情 况下，4月外贸货运量同比上行0.7pct至1.3%，主因前期订单在"抢出口"；而4月新出口订单指数大幅回落 4.3pct至44.7%，或意味着后续出口有较大压力。对比之下，内需订单指数本月下滑2.3pct，但绝对水平仍 在荣枯 ...

贾东旭 高级宏观分析师 侯倩楠 宏观分析师 联系人： 贾东旭 报告正文 事件：4月28日，国新办举行新闻发布会，介绍稳就业稳经济推动高质量发展政策措施。 稳内需、稳就业相辅相成。促消费政策侧重改善服务消费供给，稳投资侧重既有政策落地 消费方面，除了继续拨付消费品以旧换新补贴资金外，政策后续还将通过建立育儿补贴制度、创设专项再 贷款工具等多维发力。 发改委副主任赵辰昕透露第二批以旧换新补贴资金已拨付到位，后续仍有1400亿元 待分配额度。服务消费方面聚焦供给侧，央行副行长邹澜表示"着重从服务消费供给侧发力，聚焦文旅体 育、餐饮住宿、教育培训等重点领域，加大金融支持力度"，预计配套再贷款工具将加快落地。值得关注的 是，赵主任明确表示"将建立实施育儿补贴制度"，此举既可稳定人口长期趋势，又能短期提振相关消费。 投资方面，政策着重加快项目落地，通过政策性开发性金融工具破解资本金缺口问题。 本本次发布会实质 是对4月政治局会议决策的深化落实：一方面，发改委提出"力争6月底前下达2025年'两重'建设和中央预算 内投资全部项目清单"；另一方面，为解决项目建设资本金不足问题，发改委表示"设立新型政策性金融工 具"从投资方向 ...