核 心 观 点 行业比较：电子和机械设备对美敞口更大。 我国对美国电子商品出口最多，而 交运设备关税税率最高 ，加 征后高达 168% 。从中观行业来看，具体到我国对美出口一级行业，电子、轻工、机械与纺织出口依赖度及 份额均较高。从美国进口来看，电子与轻工对我国进口依赖度与进口份额均较高。综合来看， 电子和机械设 备对美敞口更大 。 上游原材料、制造业受冲击严重，后续去产能对冲。 ① 电 子行业的营收对美敞口较大， 若对美出口全部 消失，对行业总营收的影响约为 3.2% 左右，成本传导为主要机制，后续国内产业政策或将推动国产替代，政 策补贴提振消费电子。 ②机械设备行业的营收对美敞口也较大， 如果对美出口全部消失，对行业总营收的影 响为 4.2% 左右，或将加速行业重组。当前国内设备更新政策已经前置推出，同时城市更新等稳增长政策也有 利于扩大机械设备总需求。往后看，产业升级或将加速。 ③交运设备行业的营收对美敞口较小， 即便对美出 口全部消失，对行业总营收的影响也仅为 1.9% 左右，不过行业利润空间或将被挤压。当前国内促进汽车消费 的相关政策也已经前置落地，后续促内需仍有空间，扩外需方面，"一带一路"共建国 ...

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the historical evolution of tariffs as a policy tool, highlighting the lessons learned from past tariff implementations and their impacts on the economy, particularly in the context of the current trade tensions between the U.S. and China. Group 1: Historical Context - The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 significantly raised import tax rates, increasing the average tariff level in the U.S. from 13.5% in 1929 to 19.8% in 1933, leading to a 45% decline in nominal GDP and a 67% drop in total exports over four years, with unemployment reaching nearly 25% [1]. - Compared to the 1930s, the current global trade is characterized by international value chains, making the imposition of trade barriers more challenging and likely to disrupt supply chains [4]. Group 2: Current Trade Policies - Starting in 2018, the U.S. initiated multiple rounds of tariffs against China, escalating from $50 billion to $200 billion with a tax rate of 25%, resulting in a weakening of U.S.-China export ties and a temporary "export rush" effect in certain industries [6]. - The 2025 tariff policy under the Trump administration is expected to be more intense, with an average effective tariff rate projected to reach 22.4%, surpassing the levels seen during the Great Depression, and covering a broader range of products from consumer goods to high-tech items [10]. Group 3: Economic Impact - The macroeconomic impact of tariffs is typically gradual, with initial market reactions being severe, leading to a "rush to export" effect, as seen in 2018 when China's exports to the U.S. surged [12]. - In the medium term, as tariffs take effect, profit margins for companies reliant on imported raw materials will be squeezed, leading to reduced capital expenditure and declining consumer confidence [15]. - Long-term effects may include a restructuring of global supply chains as companies seek to mitigate costs and risks, potentially leading to a decrease in U.S.-China trade and a shift towards regionalization [18]. Group 4: Investment Recommendations - Companies in high-risk export industries, such as home appliances, automotive, and textiles, should be avoided due to their vulnerability to profit margin compression from tariffs [19]. - Focus should be on brand-name consumer goods with strong pricing power, as these companies can often pass on costs to consumers, mitigating the impact of tariffs [22]. - Industries with localized production capabilities, such as HVAC systems and large appliances, are less sensitive to tariff fluctuations and should be prioritized for investment [23]. - Sectors driven by domestic consumption, like food and beverage, exhibit relative stability and should be considered for medium to long-term investment [24]. - Technology and high-end manufacturing sectors, particularly those with domestic substitution potential, are key areas for investment focus [25]. - Resilient consumer sectors, including low-cost, high-frequency items and elder care products, are expected to perform well despite economic uncertainties [26].

图片来源于：广发证券 点击蓝字，关注我们 关税作为政策工具的历史演变 1、1930年代：斯穆特-霍利法案与全球⼤萧条的教训 1930年出台的《斯穆特-霍利关税法》在全球经济已显疲态之际，将超过两万种商品的进口税率显著上调，使美国平均关税水平从1929年的13.5%提升至 1933年的19.8%。 历史数据显示，在该法案实施后， 美国名义GDP在四年间下滑了45%，出口总额骤降67%，失业率攀升至近25% 。这一历史时期的经验深刻表明，在 全球经济高度关联的背景下，大幅度、非协商性的关税措施极易触发链式反应，最终对本国经济造成深远的负面影响。 然而，相对1930年代，当前世界贸易以国际价值链为特征，强行推进贸易壁垒会使得供应链紊乱甚至断裂， 真实落地的难度更大 ； 同时，对美国本身经济来说，当前 贸易战的冲击会远小于1930年代 ，原因在于：一是当前经济过热程度不如1920年代末期，二是美联储 有更灵活的货币政策空间，以应付可能产生的衰退或通缩。但鉴于美国当前进出口占GDP比重显著高于1930年代， 波及的人群和国家或 更广 。 2、2018年：特朗普"关税优先"政策的阶段性演绎 2018年起，美国对华发起多轮 ...

宏观深度报告 20250419 贸易摩擦如何影响我国就业？政策如何应 对？ [Table_Summary] ◼ 贸易摩擦或对我国就业市场造成扰动 ◼ 出口就业人数的两种定量测算 ◼ 对等关税对就业影响的估算 2025 年 04 月 19 日 证券研究报告·宏观报告·宏观深度报告 证券分析师 芦哲 执业证书：S0600524110003 luzhe@dwzq.com.cn 证券分析师 李昌萌 执业证书：S0600524120007 lichm@dwzq.com.cn 证券分析师 占烁 执业证书：S0600524120005 zhansh@dwzq.com.cn 相关研究 《中国科技产业为全球资产注入稳定 性》 2025-04-14 《美债抛售潮的原因：去美元化、流 动性冲击与中期财政扩张》 2025-04-13 东吴证券研究所 1 / 13 请务必阅读正文之后的免责声明部分 每百万元增加值吸纳的就业人数。关税冲击主要是制造业出口，制造业 有更多的资本和技术投入作为劳动要素的代替，因此每百万元增加值吸 纳的就业只有 4.7 人。相比之下，建筑业和部分服务业吸纳就业的能力 更强。每百万元增加值吸纳的就业人数较多的行 ...

广发证券 资深宏观分析师 贺骁束 hexiaoshu@ gf.com.cn 广发宏观郭磊团队 摘要 第一， 工业部门开工率同比涨跌互现，其中钢铁、焦化等内需链仍偏强，纺服产业链相关的江浙织机开工率 有一定放缓迹象，有待后续继续观察确认。截至4月第三周，全国247家高炉开工率（期末值，下同）同比增 长3.0pct；焦化企业开工率同比增长6.8pct。苯乙烯开工率同比增长0.6pct；PTA江浙织机负荷率同比回落 8.1pct，环比回落5.0pct；涤纶长丝江浙织机开工率同比回落16.4pct，环比回落7.7pct；山东地炼开工率 同比回落6.3pct；PVC开工率同比增长0.5pct。汽车半钢胎开工率同比回落2.6pct，全钢胎开工率同比增长 1.9pct。 第二， 中电联口径，截至4月10日纳入统计的发电集团燃煤电厂本月累计发电量同比下降6.4%。这一数据和 3月大致相当，今年3月1-27日同一口径燃煤发电量同比回落6.7%。近年来新能源发电占比迅速提升，火电 对经济的代表性下降，如一季度统计局口径火电、风电、太阳能发电同比增长分别为-4.7%、9.3%、 19.5%，所以燃煤发电数据只有同口径对比的意义。 ...

一、 指数表现 三大股指集体收跌 ， 上证指数下跌 0. 24 %，深证成指跌 1.4 %，创业板指跌1.8 6 % 。 早盘市场情绪低迷，三大指数低开后一度反弹，午后 维持震荡 。全市场超 3 0 00只个股下 跌， 2000 只上涨。成交额 小幅 放量 ， 全天成交 1.13万亿，较昨日增加1631亿元。 二、板块及热点分析 2）机遇：由于特朗普对全球加高额关税，可能将欧盟、东盟推向我们，加大合作。 领涨板块 ： 大消费板块逆势走强 ， 美国将对所有贸易伙伴设立 10%的"最低基准关税"，并对多个贸易 伙伴征收更高税率，据彭博报道，对华累计关税预计升至54%，且对我国企业重要的出海区 域，如东南亚，关税力度同样很大，但对加墨未进一步提升关税力度。关税超预期环境下，提 振内需对国内经济愈发重要，基建和国家重点产业战略（如煤化工等）投资建设有望获得政策 加码支持，而出海和制造业投资短期则面临一定的预期压制。 旅游、零售、白酒、养殖等细分 领域领涨，国芳集团、梦百合等多股涨停。贵州茅台年报业绩稳健（ 2024 年 营 收 增 长 15.66%），提振消费板块信心。 电力与地产股异动： 电力板块受电价改革政策推动 ...

Investment Rating - The report maintains a "Buy" rating for the recommended stocks in the consumer sector, indicating a positive outlook for their performance over the next 12 months [6][10][11][12][13][15][16][19]. Core Insights - The report highlights nine advantageous sectors within the consumer industry, including agriculture, retail, social services, automotive, textiles, light industry, food, home appliances, and pharmaceuticals, with specific stock recommendations for each sector [3][6]. - The recommended stocks are expected to show strong growth potential, driven by factors such as brand expansion, technological advancements, and market demand recovery [10][11][12][13][15][16][19]. Summary by Sector Agriculture - Recommended Stock: Zhongchong Co., Ltd. (中宠股份) - Focus on pet food industry with strong brand growth and global capacity expansion. Expected net profits for 2024-2026 are 380 million, 430 million, and 540 million CNY, with corresponding PE ratios of 33, 29, and 23 [10]. Retail - Recommended Stock: Mao Ge Ping (毛戈平) - Multi-category expansion strategy with strong growth in membership and repeat purchases. Expected net profits for 2025-2027 are 1.17 billion, 1.50 billion, and 1.86 billion CNY, with PE ratios of 39.9, 31.0, and 25.0 [11]. Social Services - Recommended Stock: Keri International (科锐国际) - Benefiting from cyclical recovery and AI integration, with expected net profits of 287 million and 400 million CNY for 2025-2026, corresponding to PE ratios of 24 and 17 [11]. Automotive - Recommended Stock: BYD (比亚迪) - Strong competitive edge through technology and scale, with expected net profits of 57 billion, 69.3 billion, and 79.1 billion CNY for 2025-2027, with PE ratios of 20.4, 16.8, and 14.7 [12]. Textiles - Recommended Stock: Hailan Home (海澜之家) - Steady brand performance and expansion into high-value markets, with expected net profits of 2.04 billion, 2.58 billion, and 3.44 billion CNY for 2024-2026, with PE ratios of 19, 15, and 11 [13]. Light Industry - Recommended Stock: Yingqu Technology (盈趣科技) - Focus on multiple growth segments with expected net profits of 250 million, 500 million, and 660 million CNY for 2024-2026, with PE ratios of 49, 24, and 18 [14]. Food - Recommended Stock: Qingdao Beer (青岛啤酒) - Recovery in sales and cost improvements expected, with projected EPS of 3.78 and 4.10 CNY for 2025-2026, corresponding to PE ratios of 20 and 19 [15]. Home Appliances - Recommended Stock: Gree Electric (格力电器) - Strong brand and cost advantages in the air conditioning market, with expected net profits of 31.44 billion, 34.06 billion, and 36.96 billion CNY for 2024-2026, with PE ratios of 8.1, 7.4, and 6.9 [16]. Pharmaceuticals - Recommended Stock: Sanofi Pharmaceutical (三生制药) - Promising pipeline with innovative products, expected net profits of 640 million, 860 million, and 990 million CNY for 2024-2026, with PE ratios of 17.8, 13.2, and 11.4 [19].

Investment Ratings - The report maintains a "Buy" rating for the banking sector, indicating a positive outlook for investment returns over the next 6-12 months [11]. Core Insights - The report highlights the rapid growth of social financing in February 2025, driven by proactive fiscal policies, with expectations for continued support [2]. - The consumer sector is anticipated to sustain its momentum due to government policies aimed at boosting consumption, alongside potential foreign investment inflows [3]. - The report emphasizes the importance of using broader social financing metrics over traditional loan data to assess the financial system's support for the real economy [5]. - The REITs market showed a mixed performance, with property REITs outperforming other categories, indicating a potential area for investment [4]. - The report suggests that the copper market is tightening due to low inventory levels and stable demand from the power grid, presenting investment opportunities in related companies [18]. Summary by Sections Banking Sector - The report discusses the "three relationships" in credit activity, noting a divergence between credit growth and social financing increase, and contrasting public loan growth with weak retail lending [11]. Consumer Sector - The government’s focus on consumption is expected to catalyze policy support, with thematic investment opportunities emerging, particularly in sectors like service consumption and family planning [3]. Bond Market - The report advises focusing on social financing metrics for a comprehensive view of the financial system's support for the economy, especially during periods of local government debt issuance [5]. REITs - The REITs market experienced fluctuations, with property REITs showing greater resilience and attracting net inflows, suggesting a favorable investment environment [4]. Copper Industry - Domestic copper concentrate inventory has reached a new low, indicating a tightening supply situation, which could lead to upward pressure on copper prices [18]. Coal Industry - The coal sector is expected to stabilize with long-term contract prices providing support, suggesting a defensive investment approach in this area [19]. Food and Beverage Sector - The food and beverage index has risen significantly, driven by positive consumption policies and low valuation, indicating potential for continued market enthusiasm [20]. Electric Power Equipment and New Energy - The report highlights the low valuation in the wind power sector and the potential for growth in lithium battery technologies, suggesting a positive investment outlook [21]. Other Sectors - The report provides insights into various sectors, including pharmaceuticals, textiles, and insurance, with specific companies recommended for investment based on their growth potential and market conditions [22][23][30].