报告导读： 四类主要策略：套取信用票息、"负久期"策略、套保地方债 / 信用债、短期 IRR 套利 2025 年的震荡市下，市场利用国债期货联动现券策略越来越常用，主要关注四个方面的策略搭建模式：第一、国债期货如何使得信用票息收益 更"厚"更"稳"？ 在传统现券票息越来越薄的当下，部分投资者选择通过一套高性价比的"期现组合拳"来增厚保护垫：通过买入高流动性的短债（如存单）锁 定基础票息，同时利用贴水充分的国债期货来补足久期。这种策略不仅保留了票息，还额外获取了期货基差收敛的收益。回测数据显示，仅在 2025 年二季 度，通过" 9M 存单 +TL 合约"的组合，就能比同久期现券获得 35bp 的超额收益。 这不再是简单的持券，而是利用期货与现券的节奏差，挖掘出的低成本 利差空间。 第二、面对行情波动，如何快速调整久期？"负久期"策略又能带来怎样的收益？ 2025 年以来，权益市场强势导致债市承压，现券投资者作为"天然多头"相 对被动。而通过国债期货投资者能解决两个痛点： 1. 在多头情绪发酵时，利用杠杆快速拉长久期， 博取现券上涨和基差收窄的双重收益，但在 2025 年 12 月中下旬这种行情快节奏切换的市场 ...

Report Industry Investment Rating There is no information provided in the content about the report industry investment rating. Core Viewpoints of the Report The report analyzes the liquidity situation in December 2025 and makes a forecast for January 2026. In December, the central bank actively injected liquidity, and the funds across the year were stable. The monetary policy emphasizes cross - cycle balance and flexible and efficient use of reserve requirement ratio cuts and interest rate cuts. In January, the liquidity gap pressure is relatively large, and the potential disturbances on the bank's liability side may increase in the middle and late months, but the funds fluctuation may be relatively mild, and attention should be paid to the marginal changes in the bank's liability pressure after the increase in fiscal factor disturbances [1][3][4]. Summary According to the Directory 1. December 2025 Funds and Liquidity Review: Active Injection, Stable across the Year (1) Funds Review: Narrow - range Fluctuation Continued In December 2025, the overnight fluctuation range narrowed compared with the previous month, and the 7D funds fluctuation range widened. The overnight funds basically ran stably around 1.28%, and the 7D funds were stable around 1.45% from the beginning of the month to the 23rd, then rose continuously until reaching 1.9821% on the 31st. The overnight and 7D funds did not show an inversion. The funds were loose at the beginning of the month, the central bank carried out 100 billion yuan of 3M repurchase on the 5th, and 60 billion yuan of 6M repurchase in the middle of the month, continuing the "short - term contraction and long - term expansion" operation. At the end of the year, affected by seasonal factors, the 7D funds price fluctuated slightly. The funds across the year were relatively stable [11][12]. (2) Liquidity Review: The Central Bank Actively Injected in December, Continuing the "Short - term Contraction and Long - term Expansion" - **Liquidity Aggregate**: In December, the base money may have increased by 1.7 trillion yuan, with government deposits supplementing about 1 trillion yuan, the central bank's net injection totaling 752.8 billion yuan, and foreign exchange funds continuing to withdraw slightly by 7 billion yuan. After deducting the consumption of excess reserves, the excess reserves at the end of the month may have increased by about 1 trillion yuan, and the excess reserve ratio may be around 1.5%, at a seasonal level. The narrow - sense excess reserve level after deducting reverse repurchases may be around 0.8%, close to the seasonal level [36]. - **Open - market Operations**: In December, the central bank's open - market reverse repurchases slightly increased, with a net injection of 28.19 billion yuan. The MLF was injected with 40 billion yuan and 30 billion yuan matured, with a balance of 6.25 trillion yuan. The net injection of the outright reverse repurchase was 20 billion yuan, with a balance of 6.5 trillion yuan. The central bank also net - bought 5 billion yuan of national debt, carried out 26 billion yuan of treasury time deposits, and 15.94 billion yuan of PSL and other structural tools [46][51][54]. 2. December 2025 Monetary Policy Tracking: Focus on Cross - cycle Balance, Flexibly and Efficiently Use Reserve Requirement Ratio Cuts and Interest Rate Cuts In December 2025, important meetings emphasized "flexibly and efficiently using reserve requirement ratio cuts and interest rate cuts." The overall loosening may be relatively prudent, but the idea of liquidity protection continues. The central bank emphasizes cross - cycle balance to avoid large - scale policy expansion and contraction. The central economic work conference takes promoting stable economic growth and reasonable price recovery as important considerations. The fourth - quarter monetary policy meeting first proposed to "give play to the integrated effect of incremental and existing policies." In a neutral scenario next year, the policy interest rate is likely to be cut once, with a range of 10bp [3][57][63]. 3. January 2026 Gap Prediction: Disturbances May Increase in the Middle and Late Months (1) Rigid Gap: Reserve Requirement Slightly Consumes Excess Reserves, and MLF Maturities Decrease Marginally In January, the increase in general deposits may consume about 32.96 billion yuan of excess reserves. The MLF matures at 20 billion yuan, and the outright reverse repurchase matures at 1.7 trillion yuan (1.1 trillion yuan for 3M and 600 billion yuan for 6M), of which 1.1 trillion yuan of the 3M outright reverse repurchase was renewed on the 7th [69]. (2) Exogenous Shocks: Cash Withdrawal and Non - financial Institution Deposits Consume Liquidity at the End of the Year In January, cash withdrawal and non - financial institution deposits slightly consume excess reserves. Cash withdrawal may consume about 67.87 billion yuan of excess reserves, and non - financial institution deposits may consume about 16.36 billion yuan [71]. (3) Fiscal Factors: A Big Month for Taxation, Coupled with Government Bond Issuance, May Partially Consume Reserves In January, government bond issuance pressure increases. Considering factors such as payment and refund, taxation, and fiscal expenditure, government deposits may consume about 1.2 trillion yuan of liquidity [4][75][76]. (4) Comprehensive Judgment: Stable at the Beginning of the Month, Disturbances May Increase in the Middle and Late Months In January, the liquidity gap pressure is relatively large, but the bank's liquidity level at the beginning of the month may be relatively abundant. Affected by factors such as the maturity of high - interest deposits and the renewal of large - scale certificates of deposit, the potential disturbances on the bank's liability side may increase in the middle and late months. However, considering the current relatively low excess reserve level, the central bank has no intention of large - scale withdrawal, and the Spring Festival is later, so the funds fluctuation may be relatively mild. Attention should be paid to the marginal changes in the bank's liability pressure after the increase in fiscal factor disturbances [4][80].

1. Report Industry Investment Rating - Not provided in the report 2. Core Viewpoints of the Report - The bond market is expected to recover after the holiday. The mild implementation of the new public - fund fee regulations and the alleviation of banks' institutional indicator pressure may increase the allocation power and drive the bond market to pick up [5][8][14]. - In January, the bond market may remain volatile under supply shocks. The increased supply of government bonds and the potential credit surge at the beginning of the year may crowd out the allocation power and increase capital demand, leading to greater capital fluctuations [5][14]. - After late January, the recovery of the bond market may be smoother. The impact of supply is rhythmic rather than trend - setting, and the overall financing demand is not strong [5][14]. - It is still believed that the 10 - year Treasury bond is expected to reach a new low in the first half of the year [5][14] 3. Summary by Relevant Contents Pre - holiday Bond Market Performance - In the last week before the holiday, the bond market weakened again, with interest - rate bonds falling and credit bonds strengthening. The yields of 10 - year and 30 - year Treasury bonds rose by 1.0bps and 4.4bps to 1.85% and 2.27% respectively, and short - end interest rates also increased. The yields of 3 - year and 5 - year AAA - second - tier capital bonds declined slightly, and the yield of 1 - year AAA certificates of deposit dropped 1.0bps to 1.63% [1][8] Factors Contributing to Post - holiday Bond Market Recovery - The new public - fund fee regulations implemented on the last day before the holiday are significantly milder than the draft for comments. It gives partial exemptions on bond - fund redemption fees, eases concerns about the new redemption rules, relieves the redemption pressure on bond funds, and helps the bond market recover [1][8][9] - In the new year, the pressure on banks' indicators eases. According to the final revised document of the Basel framework SPR31, the parallel upward shift in the bank book interest - rate shock scenario is adjusted from 250bps to 225bps, and banks will also get new indicator spaces at the beginning of the year, with the indicator pressure seasonally decreasing. This will enhance the overall allocation power and assist the bond - market recovery [2][9] Factors Causing Pressure on the January Bond Market - Supply - side factors: The issuance of government bonds will start in the new year. The 26 regions that have announced their issuance plans plan to issue 2.1 trillion yuan in the first quarter, lower than the 2.5 - trillion - yuan plan in 2025, but the issuance rhythm is more front - loaded, with 8095 billion yuan planned for January, compared with 3713 billion yuan in January 2025. Also, a 30 - year Treasury bond will be newly issued on January 14th, and a 10 - year Treasury bond will be re - issued on January 9th [2][10] - Credit factors: Credit may surge at the beginning of the year. The proportion of first - quarter credit in the whole - year credit increased from 36.2% in 2020 to 59.8% in 2025, and that of January increased from 17.0% in 2020 to 31.4% in 2025. It may rise to 35% or higher in 2026. The concentrated credit release at the beginning of the year may squeeze bank funds and reduce the allocation power to the bond market. It may also increase capital demand and cause greater short - term capital fluctuations if the central bank fails to inject enough funds [3][11] Rhythmic Nature of Supply Impact - The possible surge in January's credit and social financing is not due to an increase in financing demand. The credit - demand index in the third quarter of 2025 was 52.8%, remaining at a low level for two consecutive quarters, and current credit demand is not strong [4][13] - In 2026, fiscal expansion will be moderate, and the year - on - year increase in government bonds will be significantly lower than in 2025. The concentrated issuance in January means less issuance space later, so the impact is rhythmic rather than trend - setting, and the impact on the bond market will gradually subside after the peak in late January [4][13][14]

固 定 收 益 华福证券 2025 年 12 月 31 日 迷雾中酝酿曙光——1 月债券策略 团队成员 投资要点： 12 月债券市场受机构行为等因素影响仍然维持震荡格局。尽管资金面 进一步转松，但长端利率受限于对跨年后潜在利空的担忧，迟迟难以回落。 这些潜在的风险因素包括 Q1 政府债发行、信贷冲量对银行信贷的冲击、 公募新规的落地以及 A 股与商品价格的持续上行。尽管这些因素确实存在 不确定性，但目前来看，市场担忧的极端情形也未必会发生。 固 定 收 益 专 题 由于近年来政府债供给期限的不断拉长，明年超长债的供需矛盾可能 是当前市场担忧最大的潜在利空。尽管中央经济工作会议在财政方面并未 显示进一步大幅扩张的态度，2026 年赤字率可能维持在 4%，政府债供给 规模相较于 2025 可能仅会出现小幅扩张，但由于保费收入增速放缓、部分 大行银行账簿利率风险指标已接近监管阙值，央行购债或仍聚焦中短久期， 市场对 1 月地方债大规模发行后机构的承接能力仍然存在怀疑。 目前合计有 20 个地区公布了 Q1 计划，规模达到 16877 亿元，而它们 2025Q1 的实际发行规模 16672 亿元。如果比较其中 12 ...

一季度债市，和历史经验会有什么不同？20251228 摘要 中央经济工作会议定调及政府债券发行节奏是关键。会议显示传统经济 领域稳健，两会后超预期政策概率小，短期利好债市。政府债券发行进 度或放缓，一季度地方债久期预计不会太长，各地政府将根据未来利率 变动进行调整。 权益市场春季躁动或对债市形成压力，但非直接影响。货币政策出现显 著变化，买断式回购和 MLF 改革增强央行操作灵活性，存款利率下行及 存款置换增加存单利率下行概率。 春节前后配置力量有望增强。大银行 EVE 指标变化和小银行 KPI 制定完 成后，买入策略将明确。利率反弹向上时，保险公司购买超长期国债的 量也在逐渐增加。 新兴经济与传统经济增长效能分化，股、商品行情并非直接影响债市。 可能出现股、商品双牛局面，对整体市场形成积极作用。 利率波动中枢预计在 1.7%至 1.95%之间，上行突破 1.95%的概率不高， 如果存单利率下行，则有望达到 1.75%左右甚至更低。一季度内，有望 出现类似于今年 3 月或 10 月那样的机会窗口。 Q&A 2026 年一季度债市的整体预期如何？ 2026 年一季度的债市预期较为复杂，既有与历史相似的因素，也有 ...

证券研究报告 | 固定收益定期 gszqdatemark 2025 12 28 年 月 日 分析师 杨业伟 首先，从直接的外资配债行为来看，主要对存单产生负面影响，但冲击已经到 后半程，预计明年 1 季度后冲击将逐步退出。由于中外利率持续倒挂以及远 期汇率影响，外资对国债和政金债的配置与利率相关性在近年显著下降。而且 在近期汇率升值过程中，外资也并未增加政府债券配置。外资对国债和政金债 的持有规模从今年 4 月的 2.92 万亿下降至 11 月的 2.75 万亿，显示升值并未 吸引外资流入增配利率债。相对来说，外资对国内债券配置变化近年更多体现 为存单。此前汇率存在贬值压力时期，外汇市场远期升水较高，即期市场外资 流入，并增配存单以获取外部市场的收益。但近期随着人民币汇率升值，汇率 远期升水下降，升水率从 2024 年中 4%左右下降至目前 1.6%左右，外资持 有存单和远期汇率锁定的收益低于外部例如 1 年美债收益率，导致外资持续 流出。外资持有存单规模从今年 4 月的 1.30 万亿下降至 11 月的 0.69 万亿。 因而汇率升值从外资配置需求来看，主要降低存单配置力量。但考虑到目前外 资持有存单规模已 ...

Report Summary 1. Report Industry Investment Rating No industry investment rating is provided in the report. 2. Core Viewpoints - The market has an optimistic expectation for the liquidity situation, as indicated by the downward trends in certificate of deposit (CD) rates and interest rate swap (IRS) yields [2]. - The liquidity is expected to remain stable and slightly loose, with minor disturbances to the funds before the Spring Festival, as the MLF is likely to continue to be renewed in excess [5]. 3. Section - by - Section Summaries a. Interest Rates - Bank - to - bank interest rates were differentiated. DR007 had an average of 1.44%, up 4BP from the previous week. R007 had an average of 1.51%, up from the previous week. DR001 and R001 had averages of 1.27% and 1.35% respectively. Exchange repurchase rates increased, with the average GC007 at 1.55%. CD rates and IRS yields declined. The 1 - year AAA CD yield was 1.64% at the end of last week, down from the previous week. The 1 - year FR007 IRS average was 1.52%, slightly down from the previous week [2][7]. b. Repurchase Transactions - Repurchase trading volume increased. The pledged repurchase trading volume was between 8.3 - 8.6 trillion yuan last week, and the average R001 trading volume was 76346 billion yuan, up 4094 billion yuan from the previous week. The outstanding repurchase balance was 12.9 trillion yuan at the end of last week, up from the previous week. In terms of institutions, the lending scale of large - scale banks and money market funds decreased, while the borrowing scale of funds and wealth management products increased, and the borrowing scale of securities firms decreased [3]. c. Bill and Exchange Rates - Bill rates decreased. On December 19th, the 6 - month national bill transfer quote was 0.89%, down from the previous week, indicating a decrease in credit demand and an increase in bill - padding demand. The US dollar to RMB exchange rate decreased to 7.04 last Friday, and the Sino - US interest rate spread widened. The US 1 - year Treasury yield may show a steeper curve in the future [4]. d. This Week's Focus - This week, there are 8775 billion yuan of open - market funds maturing, including 4575 billion yuan of reverse repurchases, 1200 billion yuan of treasury cash deposits, and 3000 billion yuan of MLF. The LPR in December remained unchanged. US Q3 GDP will be announced on Tuesday, and China's November industrial enterprise profits will be announced on Saturday. Although the tax - payment period has passed, the increase in government bond supply this week may cause some disturbances to the liquidity. The MLF is expected to be renewed in excess, and the liquidity will remain stable and slightly loose [5].

Q&A 如何看待近期债市的波动及其背后的逻辑？ 近期债市的波动主要围绕政治局会议和中央经济工作会议后的市场再定价展开。 经济工作会议公布后，市场交易情绪明显积极，但随后出现部分回吐。这反映 出当前市场对财政货币政策预期差及其传导路径已发生显著变化。传统上，财 政发力与否直接影响实物工作量预期，从而影响经济增长速度，并最终决定货 币政策状态。然而，目前财政动作更多是为了化解债务，而非增加政府支出或 基础建设投资。因此，债券供给直接决定收益率定价，而不是通过复杂的传导 链条。 12 月份最后两周是财政集中支出期，但资金最紧张时点通常在 12 月中 旬。本周税期窗口期资金面偏紧，年末财政支出增加或缓解压力。中小 机构年末有兑现服务需求，但指引行为可能提前结束。 当前十年和 30 年国债利差为 40BP，短期内大幅偏离概率较低。若十年 国债波动区间为 1.8%-1.85%，则 30 年国债对应区间为 2.18%- 2.27%。30 年国债在 2.50%附近是较好的入场点，可能吸引外围资金。 央行近期投放边际超额幅度不大，6 个月边际利率可能维持当前水平， 存单收益率预计维持在 1.65%左右。交易逻辑应从供给和市场预 ...

Summary of Conference Call on Long-term Bonds Industry Overview - The conference call focuses on the long-term bond market, particularly the super long bonds, which are currently experiencing volatility due to supply expectations and weak demand [1][2]. Key Points and Arguments 1. **Market Sentiment and Interest Rates** - The sentiment in the super long bond market is negatively impacted by supply expectations and weak demand, leading to rising interest rates, especially for super long bonds [1][2]. - A short-term rebound opportunity exists, but long-term factors such as allocation strength and interest rate cut expectations limit this rebound potential [1][3]. 2. **Future Monetary Policy Expectations** - It is anticipated that monetary policy may become more accommodative in 2026, with clearer easing expectations emerging around March-April, while January-February may show less clarity [1][4]. 3. **Current Bond Recommendations** - Liquid super long bonds currently include T6, T2, and 25 ordinary government bonds [1][5]. - The 30-year old bonds, such as 25 special 5 and 25 special 6, show a yield spread of over 10 basis points, indicating holding value, but the compression speed of this spread may be slow [1][5]. 4. **Investment Strategies** - Suggested strategies include a low-duration defensive approach combined with a coupon strategy, focusing on two-year credit bonds and the potential rebound of 30-year government bonds [3][10]. - For short-term high-frequency trading, the most liquid bond is 25 special 6, while 2,502 bonds are recommended for slightly longer-term holds [8][9]. 5. **Liquidity and Future Issuance of Bonds** - The future liquidity of 2,502 bonds is uncertain, with potential issuance in 2026 estimated to reach between 250 billion to 300 billion, which could enhance its status as an active bond [6][7]. 6. **Short-term Investment Strategies** - Current market conditions favor short-term investments in three-month certificates of deposit due to favorable coupon rates [9]. - A combination of three-month and one-year certificates is recommended for better value [9]. 7. **Credit and Local Government Bonds** - For local government bonds, focus on new bonds with an implied tax rate above 4%, and for credit bonds, consider three-year secondary capital bonds and the spread with three-year national development bonds [12]. 8. **Floating Rate Bonds and Hedging Strategies** - Floating rate bonds are currently overpriced, but specific types like 25 Longfa XFL09 still hold value [13]. - A hedging strategy involving buying five-year national development bonds and shorting government bond futures could yield around 1.95% returns, providing a stable risk-return profile [13]. Additional Important Insights - The overall market environment presents unique opportunities across various bond types, including long-term government bonds and local government special bonds, which should be analyzed based on implied tax rates and regional economic conditions [15]. - The differentiation in performance among main bonds indicates a need for careful selection based on liquidity premiums and potential returns [11].

Core Insights - The Federal Reserve has cut the federal funds rate three times in 2024 and recently made a second cut in 2025, leading to a decline in deposit interest rates, including money market account (MMA) rates [1] - The national average rate for MMAs is currently 0.59%, while top high-yield accounts offer rates exceeding 4% APY, significantly higher than the national average [2][9] Group 1: Money Market Account Rates - The importance of comparing MMA rates is emphasized, as interest rates vary widely among banks, particularly online banks and credit unions, which offer competitive rates [3][4] - Online banks have lower overhead costs due to their web-based operations, allowing them to provide higher deposit rates and lower fees [4] - Credit unions, as not-for-profit entities, also offer competitive rates and fewer fees, although membership requirements may apply [5] Group 2: Features and Considerations of Money Market Accounts - Money market accounts are suitable for short-term savings goals, offering higher interest rates than regular savings accounts and easier access to funds compared to CDs [5][7] - MMAs are considered low-risk and are FDIC-insured up to $250,000 per depositor, per institution, making them safer than money market funds [6] - Many MMAs require a minimum balance to earn the highest advertised rates, and failure to maintain this balance may result in fees or lower rates [6] Group 3: Access and Usage of Funds - While MMAs allow for general access to funds, they may limit the number of transactions per month, which is a consideration for those needing frequent access [7] - MMAs are recommended for individuals looking to earn more interest than a regular savings account without locking funds in a CD, provided they can maintain the minimum balance [7][8]