投资咨询系列报告 山金期货贵金属策略报告 更新时间：2025年12月09日16时33分 一、黄金 报告导读： 今日贵金属高位分化，沪金主力收跌0.92%，沪银主力收跌0.68%，铂金主力收跌1.30%，钯金主力收涨跌0.47%。①核心逻辑， 短期避险方面，贸易战避险消退，地缘异动风险仍在；美国就业走弱通胀温和，降息预期仍存。②避险属性方面，普京会见特朗普 特使和库什纳，讨论结束乌克兰战争的可能途径。中美经贸磋商成果共识公布。中东等地缘异动风险仍存。③货币属性方面，美联 储理事沃勒和纽约联储威廉姆斯讲话共同提高美联储降息可能性。美联储褐皮书显示，美国经济活动变化不大，但政府停摆令多地 需求受抑。美国9月消费者支出温和增长，通胀创近一年半最快增速。美国上周初请失业金人数意外减少2.7万人至19.1万人，为 2022年9月以来的最低水平。美国政府结束停摆，市场等待更多经济数据指引。目前市场预期美联储12月降息25基点概率暴涨近 90%。美元指数和美债收益率震荡偏强；④商品属性方面，CRB商品指数震荡偏弱，人民币升值利空内价格。需求端氢能产业被列 为战略新兴产业，对铂基催化剂的需求形成长期强劲预期。钯金长期面临燃油车 ...

投资咨询系列报告 更新时间：2025年12月08日16时14分 一、黄金 报告导读： 今日贵金属高位分化，沪金主力收涨0.15%，沪银主力收涨2.06%，铂金主力收涨0.66%，钯金主力收涨涨1.07%。①核心逻辑， 短期避险方面，贸易战避险消退，地缘异动风险仍在；美国就业走弱通胀温和，降息预期仍存。②避险属性方面，普京会见特朗普 特使和库什纳，讨论结束乌克兰战争的可能途径。中美经贸磋商成果共识公布。中东等地缘异动风险仍存。③货币属性方面，美联 储理事沃勒和纽约联储威廉姆斯讲话共同提高美联储降息可能性。美联储褐皮书显示，美国经济活动变化不大，但政府停摆令多地 需求受抑。美国9月消费者支出温和增长，通胀创近一年半最快增速。美国上周初请失业金人数意外减少2.7万人至19.1万人，为 2022年9月以来的最低水平。美国政府结束停摆，市场等待更多经济数据指引。目前市场预期美联储12月降息25基点概率暴涨至 80%以上。美元指数和美债收益率震荡偏弱；④商品属性方面，CRB商品指数震荡偏弱，人民币升值利空内价格。需求端氢能产业 被列为战略新兴产业，对铂基催化剂的需求形成长期强劲预期。钯金长期面临燃油车市场结构性压力。⑤预 ...

投资咨询系列报告 山金期货黑色板块日报 一、螺纹、热卷 更新时间：2025年12月08日08时23分 报告导读： 供需方面，上周的数据显示螺纹、热卷产量环比上周均下降，五大品种产量环比回落，整体库存继续回落，热卷的库存仍明显高于历年同期，螺纹 去库压力相对较小。上周表观需求整体回落，市场处于供需双弱的状态。由于钢厂毛利大幅回落，且消费高峰期过去，钢厂产量有望继续缓慢下降 。近期煤焦价格也出现了走弱迹象 ，钢材成本支撑减弱。整体来看，在消费淡季，供需双弱，且库存压力仍较大，市场对政策面预期增强，强预期 占主导。从技术上看，在日 K 线图上，05 合约的期价震荡上行，创近一个月高点后回落，短线有望延续之前的震荡企稳回升态势 操作建议： 多单可轻仓持有，中线交易，逢低可少量加仓 | 表1：螺纹、热卷相关数据 | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 数据类别 | 指标 | 单位 | 最新 | | 较上日 | | 较上周 | | | 螺纹钢主力合约收盘价 | 元/吨 | 3157 | -18 | -0.57% | 47 | ...

1. Report Industry Investment Rating - Not provided in the content 2. Core Viewpoints of the Report - For the steel market, in the off - season of consumption, there is a situation of weak supply and demand, and the inventory pressure is still high, but the market's expectation for the policy side has increased. Technically, the futures price of steel is oscillating upwards at a low level and may form an upward breakthrough. It is recommended to go long with a light position, add a small amount of positions on pullbacks, and hold the positions in the medium - term [2]. - For the iron ore market, with the arrival of the consumption off - season, the iron ore demand is expected to decline seasonally, and the steel mills' production cuts will suppress the raw material prices. The supply is expected to increase in the future, and the rising port inventory suppresses the futures price, but the policy side provides support. Technically, the 01 - contract futures price has broken through the middle track of the Bollinger Band, but it is still in a wide - range oscillation at a relatively high level. It is recommended to go long with a light position and add positions on short - term pullbacks [4]. 3. Summary by Relevant Catalogs 3.1 Thread and Hot - Rolled Coil - **Supply and Demand**: Last week, the thread production decreased, the hot - rolled coil production increased, and the production of the five major varieties increased month - on - month. The overall inventory continued to decline, but the hot - rolled coil inventory was still significantly higher than the same period in previous years, with greater inventory pressure compared to thread. This week, the apparent demand declined moderately. Due to the significant decline in steel mill profits and the end of the consumption peak, the steel mill production cuts may exceed the normal seasonal scale, potentially triggering a phased negative feedback cycle. Recently, the prices of coking coal and coke have also shown signs of weakening, weakening the cost support for steel [2]. - **Operation Suggestion**: Go long with a light position, add a small amount of positions on pullbacks, and hold the positions in the medium - term [2]. - **Data**: - **Price**: The closing price of the thread steel main contract was 3169 yuan/ton, up 2.26% from last week; the closing price of the hot - rolled coil main contract was 3324 yuan/ton, up 0.61% from last week [2]. - **Production**: The national building materials steel mill thread steel production was 206.08 tons, down 0.90% from last week; the hot - rolled coil production was 319.01 tons, up 0.95% from last week [2]. - **Inventory**: The social inventory of the five major varieties was 1007.32 tons, down 2.15% from last week; the thread social inventory was 384.75 tons, down 3.82% from last week; the hot - rolled coil social inventory was 322.88 tons, down 0.37% from last week [2]. 3.2 Iron Ore - **Supply and Demand**: In terms of demand, last week, the iron ore output of sample steel mills decreased significantly month - on - month. With the arrival of the consumption off - season, the iron ore demand is expected to decline seasonally, and the steel mills' production cuts will suppress the raw material prices. In terms of supply, the global iron ore shipments have rebounded from the high level, and the arrival volume is expected to increase after a period. Currently, the rising port inventory suppresses the futures price, and the slow inventory reduction of steel also suppresses the overall market sentiment, but the policy side provides support [4]. - **Operation Suggestion**: Go long with a light position and add positions on short - term pullbacks [4]. - **Data**: - **Price**: The settlement price of the DCE iron ore main contract was 799.5 yuan/dry ton, down 0.83% from last week; the settlement price of the SGX iron ore continuous - one contract was 104.2 US dollars/dry ton, up 0.31% from last week [4]. - **Shipment**: The Australian iron ore shipment was 1653.8 tons, down 1.37% from last week; the Brazilian iron ore shipment was 822.8 tons, up 15.50% from last week [4]. - **Inventory**: The total port inventory was 15210.12 tons, up 1.03% from last week; the port trade ore inventory was 10280.7 tons, up 1.58% from last week [4]. 3.3 Industry News - The first shipment of iron ore from the Simandou project was successfully sent out, marking that this world - class iron ore mine that has been dormant for nearly 30 years has officially opened up the entire industrial chain channel of "mine - railway - port - shipping" [6]. - In October, the national stainless steel crude steel output was 3.6244 million tons, a month - on - month increase of 78,700 tons or 2.22% [7]. - In November, 42 national building materials production enterprises carried out production reduction and maintenance, 9 more than the previous month. The production reduction and maintenance in November affected the iron ore output by 437,500 tons, a month - on - month increase of 125.52%; it affected the crude steel output by 697,800 tons, a month - on - month increase of 74.19% [7]. - As of the week ending December 3, the national building materials output was 4.3509 million tons, a decrease of 65,800 tons from last week; the social inventory was 4.4779 million tons, a decrease of 231,700 tons from last week; the total inventory was 8.2315 million tons, a decrease of 419,800 tons from last week; the apparent demand was 4.7707 million tons, a decrease of 49,600 tons from last week [7].

1. Report's Industry Investment Rating - Not provided in the report 2. Core Viewpoints of the Report - In the steel market, during the consumption off - season, there is a situation of weak supply and demand, with large inventory pressure, but the market is more focused on policy expectations. For the iron ore market, the decline in iron - water production and slow inventory reduction in the steel market suppress prices, while policy factors provide support [2][4] 3. Summary by Relevant Catalogs 3.1 Threaded Rods and Hot - Rolled Coils - **Supply and Demand**: Last week, threaded rod production decreased, hot - rolled coil production increased, and the production of five major steel products increased. Overall inventory continued to decline, but hot - rolled coil inventory was significantly higher than the same period in previous years, with greater inventory pressure. This week, the apparent demand declined moderately. Due to the significant decline in steel mill profit margins and the end of the consumption peak, steel mills' production cuts may exceed the normal seasonal scale, potentially triggering a negative feedback cycle. Recently, coal and coke prices have shown a weakening trend, weakening the cost support for steel [2] - **Technical Analysis**: On the daily K - line chart, the futures price fluctuated upward at a low level, reaching a one - month high, and there is a possibility of an upward breakthrough. Attention should be paid to the trend of the 05 contract [2] - **Operation Suggestion**: Maintain a wait - and - see attitude, do not chase after rising or falling prices, and patiently wait for a full adjustment before going long [2] 3.2 Iron Ore - **Demand**: Last week, the iron - water production of sample steel mills decreased significantly, while the production of five major steel products increased. With the arrival of the consumption off - season, iron - water production is expected to continue to decline seasonally, and steel mills' production cuts will suppress raw material prices. Due to the late Spring Festival this year, the pre - holiday restocking demand will come later than usual [4] - **Supply**: Global iron ore shipments have rebounded from a high, and it is expected that the arrival volume will increase after some time. The continuous increase in port inventory suppresses the futures price, and the slow inventory reduction of steel also affects market sentiment. However, policies support the futures price [4] - **Technical Analysis**: The 01 contract's futures price has broken through the suppression of the middle - track of the Bollinger Bands, but it still remains in a wide - range high - level oscillation [4] - **Operation Suggestion**: Maintain a wait - and - see attitude, and patiently wait for the price to pull back before entering the market for medium - term long - positions [4] 3.3 Industry News - From November 24th to November 30th, 2025, the total iron ore inventory at seven major ports in Australia and Brazil was 1.2139 billion tons, a month - on - month increase of 822,000 tons, a slight rebound. The current inventory level is slightly lower than the average since the fourth quarter [6] - As of December 2nd, 2025, two steel mills announced winter storage policies, with one in Northeast China and one in North China. Two new steel mills were added today, with fixed - price locked - in goods, no price increase in case of market rise, price decrease in case of market fall, and the option to set the price at any time. The price is guaranteed until March 31st, 2026 [6] - According to Longzhong Information, the 600 - ton production line of Benxi Fuyao Float Glass Co., Ltd. was ignited on November 29th. As of December 1st, the average order days of national deep - processing sample enterprises increased by 2.4% month - on - month to 10.1 days, a year - on - year decrease of 17.9% [6]

投资咨询系列报告 山金期货贵金属策略报告 更新时间：2025年12月02日16时13分 一、黄金 报告导读： 今日贵金属高位分化，沪金主力收涨0.01%，沪银主力收涨2.46%，铂金主力收跌2.57%，钯金主力收涨跌2.23%。①核心逻辑， 短期避险方面，贸易战避险消退，地缘异动风险仍在；美国就业走弱通胀温和，降息预期仍存。②避险属性方面，中美经贸磋商成 果共识公布。俄乌、中东等地缘异动风险仍存。③货币属性方面，美联储理事沃勒和纽约联储威廉姆斯讲话共同提高美联储降息可 能性。美联储褐皮书显示，美国经济活动变化不大，但政府停摆令多地需求受抑。美国供应管理协会(ISM)表示，11月美国制造业 PMI从10月的48.7降至48.2连续第九个月萎缩。美国9月零售销售不及预期，消费者信心降至七个月低点。美国9月就业增长超预 期，但失业率升至4.4%。美国政府结束停摆，市场等待更多经济数据指引。目前市场预期美联储12月降息25基点概率暴涨至80% 以上。美元指数和美债收益率下行遇阻；④商品属性方面，CRB商品指数震荡偏弱，人民币升值利空内价格。需求端氢能产业被列 为战略新兴产业，对铂基催化剂的需求形成长期强劲预期。钯金长 ...

Report Summary 1. Report Industry Investment Rating No industry investment rating is provided in the report. 2. Core Views - **Steel Products**: In the consumption off - season, the supply and demand of steel products are both weak, and the inventory pressure remains high, but the market's expectation for policy support has increased. The steel price may form an upward breakthrough, and attention should be paid to the trend of the 05 contract [2]. - **Iron Ore**: The decline in iron - making water production by steel mills suppresses the raw material price, and the increase in port inventory also suppresses the futures price. However, policy support exists. The 01 contract price has broken through the middle track of the Bollinger Bands, and the price is still in a wide - range oscillation at a relatively high level [5]. 3. Summary by Directory **I. Thread and Hot - Rolled Coil** - **Supply and Demand**: Last week, the output of thread decreased, while that of hot - rolled coil increased. The overall output of the five major varieties increased, and the overall inventory continued to decline. The inventory pressure of hot - rolled coil is greater than that of thread. This week, the apparent demand has moderately declined. Due to the significant decline in steel mill profits and the end of the consumption peak, steel mills may cut production more than the normal seasonal scale, which may trigger a negative feedback cycle. Recently, the prices of coking coal and coke have weakened, and the cost support for steel has decreased [2]. - **Technical Analysis**: On the daily K - line chart, the futures price has oscillated upwards at a low level, reaching a one - month high, and may form an upward breakthrough. Attention should be paid to the 05 contract [2]. - **Operation Suggestion**: Maintain a wait - and - see attitude, do not chase rising or falling, and wait patiently to go long after a full adjustment [2]. - **Data Summary**: - **Price**: The closing prices of thread and hot - rolled coil futures and spot prices have increased to varying degrees compared with the previous day and week [3]. - **Production**: The output of thread decreased by 0.90% week - on - week, while that of hot - rolled coil increased by 0.95% week - on - week. The production of electric - arc furnace steel mills increased significantly [3]. - **Inventory**: The overall inventory of the five major varieties decreased by 2.15% week - on - week, with thread inventory down 3.82% and hot - rolled coil inventory down 0.37% [3]. - **Apparent Demand**: The apparent demand for the five major varieties decreased by 0.69% week - on - week [3]. **II. Iron Ore** - **Supply and Demand**: Last week, the iron - making water production of sample steel mills decreased significantly. With the arrival of the consumption off - season, iron - making water production is expected to continue to decline seasonally, which will suppress the raw material price. The global iron ore shipment has rebounded from a high, and the port inventory is rising, which also suppresses the futures price. However, policy support exists [5]. - **Technical Analysis**: The 01 contract price has broken through the middle track of the Bollinger Bands, but overall, it has not escaped the wide - range oscillation at a relatively high level [5]. - **Operation Suggestion**: Maintain a wait - and - see attitude, and wait patiently to enter the market and go long for the medium - term after the price correction [5]. - **Data Summary**: - **Price**: The settlement prices of iron ore futures and spot prices have changed to varying degrees compared with the previous day and week [5]. - **Supply**: Australian iron ore shipments decreased by 1.37% week - on - week, while Brazilian shipments increased by 15.50% week - on - week [5]. - **Inventory**: The port inventory increased by 1.03% week - on - week [5]. **III. Industry News** - From November 24th to November 30th, the global iron ore shipment volume was 3323.2 million tons, a week - on - week increase of 44.7 million tons. The shipment volume from Australia and Brazil was 2765.8 million tons, a week - on - week increase of 128.4 million tons [7]. - On November 28, 2025, the China Iron and Steel Association held a symposium on the development of domestic iron ore resources, emphasizing that domestic mining enterprises should accelerate key iron ore projects [7]. - From November 24th to November 30th, the arrival volume of iron ore at 47 ports in China was 2784.0 million tons, a week - on - week decrease of 155.5 million tons; the arrival volume at 45 ports was 2699.3 million tons, a week - on - week decrease of 117.8 million tons; the arrival volume at six northern ports was 1463.2 million tons, a week - on - week increase of 24.9 million tons [7].

投资咨询系列报告 山金期货贵金属策略报告 更新时间：2025年12月01日16时21分 一、黄金 报告导读： 今日贵金属高位分化，沪金主力收涨1.33%，沪银主力收涨5.86%，铂金主力收涨3.96%，钯金主力收涨2.44%。①核心逻辑，短 期避险方面，贸易战避险消退，地缘异动风险仍在；美国就业走弱通胀温和，降息预期仍存。②避险属性方面，中美经贸磋商成果 共识公布。俄乌、中东等地缘异动风险仍存。③货币属性方面，美联储理事沃勒和纽约联储威廉姆斯讲话共同提高美联储降息可能 性。美联储褐皮书显示，美国经济活动变化不大，但政府停摆令多地需求受抑。美国9月零售销售不及预期，消费者信心降至七个 月低点。美国9月就业增长超预期，但失业率升至4.4%。美国政府结束停摆，市场等待更多经济数据指引。目前市场预期美联储12 月降息25基点概率暴涨至80%附近。美元指数和美债收益率震荡偏弱；④商品属性方面，CRB商品指数震荡偏弱，人民币升值利 空内价格。需求端氢能产业被列为战略新兴产业，对铂基催化剂的需求形成长期强劲预期。钯金长期面临燃油车市场结构性压力。 ⑤预计贵金属短期金弱银强，铂强钯弱，中期高位震荡，长期阶梯上行。 | 策略： ...

投资咨询系列报告 山金期货贵金属策略报告 更新时间：2025年11月28日16时13分 一、黄金 报告导读： 今日贵金属全面分化，沪金主力收涨0.76%，沪银主力收涨3.21%，铂金主力收跌0.59%，钯金主力收跌2.63%。。①核心逻辑， 短期避险方面，贸易战避险消退，地缘异动风险仍在；美国就业走弱通胀温和，降息预期仍存。②避险属性方面，中美经贸磋商成 果共识公布。俄乌、中东等地缘异动风险仍存。③货币属性方面，美联储理事沃勒和纽约联储威廉姆斯讲话共同提高美联储降息可 能性。美联储褐皮书显示，美国经济活动变化不大，但政府停摆令多地需求受抑。美国9月零售销售不及预期，消费者信心降至七 个月低点。美国9月就业增长超预期，但失业率升至4.4%。美国政府结束停摆，市场等待更多经济数据指引。目前市场预期美联储 12月降息25基点概率暴涨至80%附近。美元指数和美债收益率震荡偏强；④商品属性方面，CRB商品指数震荡偏弱，人民币升值 利空内价格。需求端氢能产业被列为战略新兴产业，对铂基催化剂的需求形成长期强劲预期。钯金长期面临燃油车市场结构性压力 。⑤预计贵金属短期金弱银强，铂强钯弱，中期高位震荡，长期阶梯上行。 | 策略 ...

1. Report Industry Investment Rating There is no information provided regarding the report industry investment rating in the given documents. 2. Core Viewpoints of the Report - Today, precious metals showed a pattern of weak gold and strong silver, with platinum and palladium soaring and then falling back. The main contract of Shanghai Gold closed up 0.14%, the main contract of Shanghai Silver closed up 3.35%, the main contract of platinum closed up 6.25%, and the main contract of palladium closed up 1.53% [1]. - In the short - term, trade - war related hedging has subsided, but geopolitical risks remain. The US employment is weakening and inflation is moderate, so the expectation of interest rate cuts still exists [1]. - The results of Sino - US economic and trade consultations have been announced, and geopolitical risks in regions such as Russia - Ukraine and the Middle East still remain [1]. - Speeches by Federal Reserve officials have increased the possibility of a Fed interest rate cut. The Fed's Beige Book shows that US economic activity has changed little, but the government shutdown has suppressed demand in many places. The market expects the probability of a 25 - basis - point interest rate cut by the Fed in December to soar to around 80% [1]. - The CRB commodity index is oscillating weakly, and the appreciation of the RMB is negative for domestic prices. The hydrogen energy industry is expected to drive long - term strong demand for platinum - based catalysts, while palladium faces long - term structural pressure from the fuel - vehicle market [1]. - It is expected that precious metals will show a pattern of weak gold and strong silver, strong platinum and weak palladium in the short term, oscillate at high levels in the medium term, and rise in a stepped manner in the long term [1]. - The price trend of gold is the anchor for the price of silver. Recently, the net long position of CFTC silver has been reduced again, and the iShare silver ETF has slightly increased its position. The visible inventory of silver has slightly decreased recently [5]. 3. Summary by Relevant Catalogs 3.1 Gold - **Market Performance**: The main contract of Shanghai Gold closed up 0.14%, Comex gold main contract closed at $4196.10 per ounce, up 0.74% from the previous day and 2.89% from the previous week; London gold closed at $4139.60 per ounce, up 0.32% from the previous day and 0.31% from the previous week [1][2]. - **Price and Related Data**: Domestic prices, such as the main contract of Shanghai Gold on the SHFE and gold T + D on the SGE, also showed certain increases. There were changes in basis, spreads, and ratios. For example, the basis of the main contract of Shanghai Gold was - 4.03 yuan/gram, and the gold - silver ratio (London gold/London silver) was 78.88, down 3.31% from the previous day [2]. - **Position and Inventory**: Comex gold positions were 485,788 hands, and Shanghai Gold main contract positions increased by 3.70% from the previous day and 27.73% from the previous week. Comex gold inventory decreased by 1.08% from the previous week, and the SPDR gold ETF decreased by 0.33% from the previous week [2]. - **Net Position Ranking**: Among the top 10 net long positions of Shanghai Gold futures company members on the SHFE, the top 5 totaled 67,680.00, and among the top 10 net short positions, the top 5 totaled 12,510.00 [3]. - **Strategy**: For gold, conservative investors are advised to wait and see, while aggressive investors can buy low and sell high. Good position management and strict stop - loss and take - profit are recommended [2]. 3.2 Silver - **Market Performance**: The main contract of Shanghai Silver closed up 3.35%, Comex silver main contract closed at $53.76 per ounce, up 3.88% from the previous day and 5.28% from the previous week; London silver closed at $52.48 per ounce, up 2.49% from the previous day and 0.54% from the previous week [1][5]. - **Price and Related Data**: Domestic prices, such as the main contract of Shanghai Silver on the SHFE and silver T + D on the SGE, also increased. There were changes in basis and spreads. For example, the basis of the main contract of Shanghai Silver was 20 yuan/kg [5]. - **Position and Inventory**: Comex silver positions were 172,415 hands, and Shanghai Silver main contract positions increased by 11.09% from the previous day and 22.42% from the previous week. The visible inventory of silver decreased slightly, with a total visible inventory of 41,736 tons, down 0.09% from the previous day and 0.61% from the previous week [5]. - **Net Position Ranking**: Among the top 10 net long positions of Shanghai Silver futures company members on the SHFE, the top 5 totaled 110,211.00, and among the top 10 net short positions, the top 5 totaled 58,699.00 [6]. - **Strategy**: For silver, conservative investors are advised to wait and see, while aggressive investors can buy low and sell high. Good position management and strict stop - loss and take - profit are recommended [5]. 3.3 Fundamental Key Data - **Federal Reserve Data**: The upper limit of the federal funds target rate is 4.00%, the discount rate is 4.00%, the reserve balance interest rate (IORB) is 3.90%, and the Fed's total assets are $66,061.83 billion, down 0.00% from the previous week [7]. - **Macroeconomic Data**: The 10 - year US Treasury real yield is 2.37%, down 2.07% from the previous day and 3.27% from the previous week; the US dollar index is 99.58, down 0.22% from the previous day and 0.54% from the previous week; the US Treasury yield spread (3 - month - 10 - year) is 0.47, up 30.56% from the previous week [7]. - **Inflation Data**: The CPI (year - on - year) is 3.00%, and the core CPI (year - on - year) is also 3.00% [9]. - **Economic Growth Data**: The GDP (annualized year - on - year) is 2.00%, down 0.30% from the previous period; the GDP (annualized quarter - on - quarter) is 3.80%, up 4.40% from the previous period [9]. - **Employment Data**: The unemployment rate is 4.40%, up 0.10% from the previous period; the monthly change in non - farm payrolls is 11.90 million, up 1.23 million from the previous period [9]. - **Other Data**: There are also data on the US real estate market, consumption, industry, trade, and economic surveys, as well as central bank gold reserves and related ratios [9][11].