Core Viewpoints - The article emphasizes that under pressure on the revenue side, the government may rely more on debt issuance this year, as tax revenue has decreased by 2.1% year-on-year and land sales revenue has dropped by 11.4% [2][11] - It suggests that the fiscal policy will likely require incremental debt to maintain its strength throughout the year, especially if there is no significant improvement in revenue [2][6] Group 1: Debt Issuance and Fiscal Policy - The government has accelerated debt issuance since the beginning of the year, with net financing expected to reach 13.9 trillion yuan, an increase of 2.2 trillion yuan compared to last year [5][12] - As of May 20, the known net financing of government debt reached 6.2 trillion yuan, achieving 44.9% of the annual target, compared to 22.5% during the same period last year [5][12] - The article indicates that if the revenue side does not improve significantly, the government may need to increase its debt issuance to maintain fiscal strength [6][13] Group 2: Non-Deficit Debt and Investment Focus - In the second quarter, non-deficit debt is expected to accelerate, reflecting a marginal shift in fiscal support towards investment [8][22] - As of May 20, the net financing of non-deficit debt reached 2 trillion yuan, with a progress rate of 36.5%, indicating a focus on investment projects [22][23] - The article highlights that the acceleration of non-deficit debt issuance may signal increased fiscal support for infrastructure and other investment projects [23][28] Group 3: Special Refinancing Bonds and Local Government Debt - The issuance of special refinancing bonds has progressed rapidly, with a known progress rate of 77.8% as of May 20, indicating a focus on managing local government debt [28][29] - The article notes that local government hidden debts remain under strict control, with the central government expected to play a key role in increasing budgetary bonds and quasi-fiscal capital injections [29][31] - The emphasis is placed on the central government's commitment to not increasing hidden debts, reinforcing fiscal discipline [29][31] Group 4: Revenue and Expenditure Insights - In April, fiscal revenue showed a year-on-year increase of 1.9%, with tax revenue turning positive, particularly in the equipment manufacturing and technology sectors [31][33] - The article mentions that the expenditure progress for January to April was the fastest since 2020, with a notable increase in infrastructure spending in April [44][50] - The government’s focus on accelerating special bond issuance and enhancing fiscal support for projects is expected to continue, with a projected increase in government fund income [50][56]

Core Viewpoint - The article critiques the common investment framework that relies on predicting export data to derive macroeconomic indicators and corporate profits, arguing that this approach is fundamentally flawed due to the high difficulty in accurately forecasting export data [3]. Group 1: Flaws in Current Investment Framework - The article emphasizes that predicting export data leads to significant misjudgments in macroeconomic indicators, such as PPI and GDP, with a 10% misjudgment in exports potentially causing a 2% misjudgment in PPI and a 0.4-0.5% misjudgment in GDP [3]. - An example is provided where the market expected a 0-2% growth in April exports, but the actual growth was 8.1%, highlighting the fragility of investment decisions based on export predictions [3]. Group 2: Recommended Analysis Logic - The article suggests focusing on the status of the U.S. discretionary consumer sector as a more reliable indicator for assessing export trends [4]. - It discusses the importance of predicting the "turnover rate" of exports, which is influenced by global demand stability, particularly the U.S. import growth rate [4]. - The U.S. accounts for approximately 15-16% of global imports and about one-third of global final consumption, making its import growth a critical factor for global trade dynamics [4]. Group 3: U.S. Tariff Impact and Consumer Power - The article notes that the current academic research on U.S. tariff elasticity may not apply due to recent high tariff changes, complicating the assessment of tariffs' impact on imports [5]. - It emphasizes the need to evaluate whether U.S. consumers can absorb the impact of tariffs, which is crucial for maintaining corporate revenues and economic stability [5]. - The discretionary consumer sector is highlighted as particularly sensitive to tariff changes, with a focus on the performance of high-yield corporate bonds in this sector as an early indicator of risk [5]. Group 4: Current Investment Context and Insights - The article identifies "certainty" as the current investment backdrop, contrasting the Chinese government's stability-focused approach with the uncertainty generated by U.S. policies [6]. - It suggests that the volatility of the Chinese financial market is likely to be lower than that of the U.S. due to the government's commitment to market stability [6]. - The article provides three insights: the potential for lower asset price volatility compared to economic data volatility, the need for caution regarding mid-term risks, and the importance of monitoring institutional behaviors in the market [6][8]. Group 5: Investment Strategy - The recommended investment posture is "high allocation, low volatility," suggesting that investors should maintain a high allocation to capitalize on potential government interventions that may mitigate risks [8]. - The article argues that excessive pessimism is unwarranted in the current environment, as government actions may counterbalance some downward risks [8].

Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes the resilience of the economy driven by policy support and export growth, while also highlighting the weakening trends in real estate and manufacturing sectors [2][3]. Group 1: Economic Stability - The investment sector shows strong performance, with equipment purchases contributing 64.5% to overall investment growth from January to April, with a year-on-year increase of 18.2% [5][11]. - Consumer demand for durable goods remains robust, with retail sales of home appliances and related categories contributing 27.4% to total retail sales in April, reflecting a growth rate of 10.6% for durable goods [5][11]. - The trade sector continues to perform well, with a trade surplus growth rate of 33.6% in April, supported by an 8.1% year-on-year increase in exports [5][11]. Group 2: Economic Changes - The real estate market shows signs of weakening, particularly in the "strong five cities" (Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Chengdu), where the average price of second-hand homes fell by 0.2% in April, compared to a 0.46% increase in March [6][13]. - Manufacturing investment growth is slowing, particularly in the raw materials sector, which saw a significant decline in investment growth to 2.7% from January to April, down from previous levels [7][17]. Group 3: April Economic Data Overview - In April, industrial production growth was recorded at 6.1%, while service sector production index grew by 6.0%. Retail sales growth was 5.1%, down from 5.9% in March [21][22]. - The real estate sector experienced a decline in sales area by 2.1% year-on-year in April, with fixed asset investment growth slowing to 3.5% [21][30]. - The consumer price index (CPI) showed a slight deflation at -0.1%, while the producer price index (PPI) decreased by 2.7% [21][22]. Group 4: Employment and Investment Trends - The urban unemployment rate decreased to 5.1% in April, indicating a slight improvement in the job market [23]. - Fixed asset investment growth was recorded at 3.6% in April, with manufacturing investment showing a cumulative growth of 8.8% from January to April [37].

Core Viewpoint - The "One Big Beautiful Bill" aims to achieve multiple objectives including tax reform, healthcare cuts, immigration enforcement, and defense enhancement, with significant implications for the economy and fiscal policy [2][4][11]. Summary by Sections 1. What is the "One Big Beautiful Bill"? - The bill, introduced on May 12, 2025, encompasses six main components: 1. **Tax Reform**: Permanently extends the 2017 tax reform, eliminates tips and overtime taxes, raises the standard deduction to $32,000, and expands the child tax credit to $2,500. 2. **Healthcare Reform**: Cuts Medicaid by $800 billion and introduces work requirements and eligibility reviews, potentially affecting 7.6 million insured individuals. 3. **Immigration Policy**: Allocates $46.5 billion for border wall construction and adds 18,000 enforcement personnel, aiming to deport 1 million illegal immigrants annually. 4. **Defense Budget**: Increases defense spending by $150 billion, focusing on missile defense and shipbuilding. 5. **Energy Policy**: Expands oil and gas extraction, reduces green energy subsidies, and sells public land to increase revenue. 6. **Education and Welfare**: Reforms student loans and cuts food stamp benefits [4][12][14]. 2. Economic Impact of the Bill - According to the Tax Foundation, the bill could result in approximately $3.3 trillion in tax cuts, an increase of about $150 billion in defense spending, and a reduction of $1.13 trillion in Medicaid and student loan expenditures. This is expected to lead to a long-term GDP growth of 0.6% and an increase in the deficit by $3.3 trillion from 2025 to 2034 [5][14][15]. 3. Current Progress of the Bill - As of May 18, 2025, the bill is still under review in the House committee and has not yet reached a full House vote or Senate consideration. It faced internal divisions within the Republican Party, with a recent vote resulting in a 16-21 rejection in the House Budget Committee. The House Speaker plans to push for passage before Memorial Day, but disputes over Medicaid cuts and deficit concerns create uncertainty [6][16][17]. 4. Key Timeframes for the Bill - Important upcoming dates include: 1. **May 18, 2025**: The Budget Committee will reconvene to attempt to pass the bill. 2. **End of May 2025**: The House aims to pass the bill before Memorial Day; failure may lead to delays or splitting the bill. 3. **Mid-June 2025**: If not passed by the end of May, the House may reschedule a full vote or consider splitting the bill. 4. **July 4, 2025**: The ultimate goal is to pass the bill by Independence Day, reflecting its political significance [7][18][19]. 5. Perspectives from Foreign Institutions - Foreign institutions express cautious optimism about the bill, albeit with significant uncertainties. UBS anticipates the bill may pass by August or September, favoring the mid-section of the yield curve. JPMorgan Chase believes the proposed measures could offset about two-thirds of the negative impacts from tariffs, with a focus on financial stocks as a key investment area [8][20][21].

文 ： 华创证券研究所副所长 、首席宏观分析师 张瑜（执业证号：S0360518090001） 联系人： 陆银波（15210860866） 袁玲玲（微信 Yuen43） 报告摘要 本周主要关注中美日内瓦会谈，中美互相大幅削减关税。 1 、会谈取得"实质性进展"： 中美经贸中方牵头人、国务院副总理何立峰当地时间 11 日晚在出席中 方代表团举行的新闻发布会时表示，此次中美经贸高层会谈坦诚、深入、具有建设性，达成重要共 识，并取得实质性进展。 2 、会谈主要成果 ： 5 月 12 日，《中美日内瓦经贸会谈联合声明》发布。双方同意大幅降低双边关 税水平，美方取消共计 91% 的加征关税，中方相应取消 91% 的反制关税；美方暂停实施 24% 的"对等关税"，中方也相应暂停实施 24% 的反制关税。中方还相应暂停或取消对美国的非关税反制 措施。双方将建立机制，继续就经贸关系进行协商。 本周，其他值得关注的政策。 （一）防腐倡廉相关工作继续推进。 1 ） 5 月 15 日， 《求是》杂志发表总书记重要文章《锲而不舍 落实中央八项规定精神，以优良党风引领社风民风》，文章指出，"制定实施中央八项规定……必须常 抓不懈、久久 ...

Core Viewpoint - The report indicates a mixed economic outlook, with some sectors showing improvement while others are experiencing declines, particularly in consumer retail and trade with the US. Group 1: Economic Indicators - The Huachuang Macro WEI index has weakened but remains above 5%, recorded at 5.16% as of May 11, down from 7.73% on May 4, driven mainly by infrastructure and passenger vehicle consumption [3][5][6]. - The average asphalt plant operating rate increased to 34.4% in the second week of May from 28.8% in the first week, indicating a recovery in infrastructure activity [2][14]. - The average land premium rate across 100 cities has decreased to 7.9% from 9.63% in April, reflecting a cooling in the real estate market [9]. Group 2: Consumer Demand - Retail sales growth for passenger vehicles has slowed, with a growth rate of 11% as of May 11, down from 14.5% in April [8]. - The sales area of commercial residential properties in 67 cities decreased by 10% year-on-year as of May 16, indicating weak demand in the housing market [8]. - The average daily passenger volume for subways remained stable, with a slight increase of 0.6% year-on-year [8]. Group 3: Trade and External Demand - Direct trade between China and the US has continued to decline, with container ship numbers and capacity from China to the US dropping by 34.4% year-on-year as of May 17 [20][22]. - There has been a rebound in the number of ships docking at major ASEAN ports, increasing by 0.8% week-on-week as of May 15, suggesting potential for re-export opportunities [22]. Group 4: Commodity Prices - Gold prices have significantly dropped, closing at $3191.8 per ounce, a decrease of 4% [4][32]. - Domestic commodity prices have shown mixed trends, with the BPI index rising by 1.1% and the CRB index increasing by 0.3% [32][35]. Group 5: Debt and Interest Rates - New local government bond issuance plans have been disclosed, with a total of 4159 billion yuan in special bonds planned for 2025 [36]. - Interest rates have seen a slight increase, with DR001 at 1.6313% and DR007 at 1.6374%, reflecting a tightening in liquidity conditions [39].

文 ： 华创证券研究所副所长 、首席宏观分析师 张瑜（执业证号：S0360518090001） 联系人： 陆银波（15210860866） 袁玲玲（微信 Yuen43） 前言 近三十余年，广东、江苏一直稳坐我国经济的头两把交椅。作为经济第一大省"一把手"，广东省委书 记也长期位居中央政治局委员之列。 2024 年，两省 GDP 差距大幅缩减，再次引起市场对粤苏模式 的探讨。作为我国经济的" TOP2 "，除了经济体量大的共有特征，两省在其他领域的模式，可以说 是"风格迥异"。除了我们熟知的"核心""散装"经济模式外，还涵盖财政、基建、地产、消费、产业等 多个领域。对粤苏模式的拆解，也是在分析当前经济不同领域的演变趋势。 报告摘要 一、 GDP ：核心 VS 散装 广东省内 GDP 集中度较高，以广深等城市为"核心"；江苏更为均衡，呈"散装"模式 。用省内倒数两 个城市的 GDP/ 前两个城市的 GDP 衡量： 2024 年，广东该指标为 4% ，省内差距是 24 省份中最 大的（不包括直辖市等）；江苏该指标为 21% ，在 24 省中排名第五，是 6 个经济大省中最均衡 的。时间序列看，疫情之后，江苏的省内差 ...

Core Viewpoints - The current macroeconomic environment shows mixed signals, with some companies facing operational pressures while positive trends in consumption, industry, and capital markets are emerging [2] Employment Issues - The total number of employees in manufacturing listed companies reached 16.01 million in 2024, a year-on-year increase of 3.3%, down from 4.1% in the previous year [4][14] - Employment growth is primarily driven by the automotive manufacturing and computer communication electronics sectors, which contributed nearly all of the employment increase [4][14] Income Distribution - The average salary in the manufacturing sector is projected to be 176,000 yuan in 2024, with a year-on-year growth of 4.4%, aligning closely with the growth rate of urban residents' disposable income [5][20] - The ratio of manufacturing average salary to financial industry salary has increased, reaching its highest level since 2012, indicating a favorable environment for talent influx into manufacturing [5][20] Profitability Issues - Manufacturing companies are experiencing profitability pressure, with operating profit declining by 12.2% year-on-year in 2024, and the operating profit margin dropping from 6.6% in 2023 to 5.7% in 2024 [6][24] - The profitability pressure index for the industrial sector has risen to 10.5%, indicating increased pressure compared to 7.7% in 2023 [6][25] Investment Returns - The estimated investment return for manufacturing listed companies is approximately 5.4% in 2024, down from 6.4% in the previous year, marking a decline in absolute levels [7][33] - Despite the overall decline, certain sectors such as leather, computer communication electronics, and general equipment have shown a rebound in investment returns [7][33] Asset and Liability Issues - Total assets of manufacturing listed companies grew by 5.1% year-on-year in 2024, but the growth rate has slowed compared to previous years [8][36] - The asset-liability ratio has continued to rise, reaching 52% in 2024, indicating increasing debt levels [8][36] Cash Flow - The accounts receivable turnover days increased to 57.1 days in 2024, indicating greater collection pressure [9][45] - The growth rate of monetary funds for non-financial A-share companies turned negative at -1.9% in 2024, with manufacturing experiencing a significant decline to -2.8% [9][45] Capital Expenditure - Capital expenditure for manufacturing listed companies decreased by 11.1% year-on-year in 2024, contrasting with a growth of 3.4% in the previous year [10][48] - Newly listed companies have shown a significant increase in capital expenditure, with a growth rate of 23.7% in 2023-2024, indicating a divergence from established firms [10][48] Financing Issues - The growth rate of interest-bearing debt for manufacturing listed companies slowed to 6.8% in 2024, continuing a trend of deceleration since 2022 [11][57] - The interest burden has decreased, with the ratio of interest expenses to interest-bearing debt falling to 3.36% in 2024, indicating a reduction in debt servicing costs [11][57]

Core Viewpoints - The economic cycle has been continuously improving since September 2024, with the April data showing a persistent improvement in the deposit scissors difference between enterprises and residents [4][21] - Non-bank institutions have seen the highest deposit growth in the past five years, indicating a potential shift in resident deposits and a response to the central bank's efforts to stabilize the market [4][9] - Loan data reveals a structural shift, with an increase in consumer loans for residents and a decrease in operational loans, while enterprises are seeing a rise in short-term loans but a decline in medium- to long-term loans [4][8] Financial Asset Side Observations - April is typically a month of weak credit expansion, with the new social financing scale at 1.16 trillion, which is relatively stable compared to previous years [6][12] - The structure of resident loans is changing, with consumer loans increasing while operational loans are declining, reflecting a shift in demand and potential impacts on household debt and bank income [7][14] - Enterprise loans have shown a strong performance in 2025, with a total of 9.3 trillion in new loans, although the duration of these loans is shortening compared to previous years [8][18] Financial Liability Side Observations - Leading indicators of the economic cycle are improving, with the enterprise-resident deposit scissors difference recovering from -14.7% in August 2024 to -8.4% currently [9][21] - Non-bank institution deposits have increased significantly, with a total of 2.2 trillion in new deposits in the first four months of 2025, indicating strong performance in the equity market [9][23] - The central bank's protective measures in the financial market are evident, with interventions aimed at stabilizing asset prices during market shocks [10][24] April Financial Data Highlights - In April, RMB loans increased by 280 billion, with a total loan balance of 265.7 trillion, reflecting a year-on-year growth of 7.2% [29][31] - The social financing scale increased by 1.16 trillion, with a year-on-year growth of 8.7%, indicating ongoing government debt issuance [31][32] - M2 growth was recorded at 8%, while new M1 growth was at 1.5%, showing a mixed trend in monetary aggregates [32][33]

文 ： 华创证券研究所副所长 、首席宏观分析师 张瑜（执业证号：S0360518090001） 联系人：付春生 （18482259975） 一、服务通缩会压过商品通胀吗？ 问题： 关税涨价侵蚀消费能力，但商品消费难压缩，只能挤压服务消费。服务权重远高于商品，最后呈现商品通胀+服务通缩、整体物价偏弱的局面？ 回答：大概率不会商品通胀+服务通缩的现象 。 长周期来看，美国商品实际消费占比从1990年代初确实就已触底回升，服务实际消费占比开始缓慢下降，商品实际消费可能确实很难压缩 。1959-1992年，实际消 费结构中，商品占比从35.3%降至27.5%，服务占比从64.7%升至72.5%。1993年至2024年，商品占比从27.5%升至34%，服务占比从72.5%降至66%。 但二战以来美国没有出现过商品通胀与服务通缩并存的时期，即便是历次经济危机期间，美国服务价格也没有出现过通缩现象 。次贷危机冲击下，PCE服务价格 同比在2009年创下最低值0.8%。新冠疫情衰退期间，PCE服务同比仅从19年Q4的2.1%降至20年Q2的1.7%。学界研究普遍认为，相比商品，服务价格粘性更强，存 在类似"名义工资刚性"的现 ...