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中金:钨价创出历史新高,全球钨业龙头配置价值愈加凸显
中金点睛· 2025-06-10 23:48
Core Viewpoint - The tungsten market is entering a bull market phase, driven by supply constraints and increasing demand from emerging industries and geopolitical tensions, leading to a significant rise in tungsten prices and highlighting the strategic value of global tungsten industry leaders [1][3][7]. Group 1: Price Trends and Market Dynamics - As of June 6, the price of 65% WO3 tungsten concentrate in China has surpassed 173,000 yuan per ton, marking an increase of 31,000 yuan since the beginning of the year, with a cumulative growth of 21.8% [1][7]. - The price of tungsten has been on an upward trend since mid-March, reaching a historical high of 166,500 yuan per ton on May 16, and further increasing to 173,000 yuan by June 6 [7][8]. - The global supply of tungsten is expected to grow at a CAGR of 2.57% from 2023 to 2028, while global tungsten consumption is projected to grow at a CAGR of 2.61% during the same period [3][36]. Group 2: Policy Impacts and Strategic Value - The strategic value of tungsten is increasingly recognized amid de-globalization, with China tightening mining quotas and enhancing export controls, particularly affecting upstream products like APT and tungsten carbide [3][15]. - The U.S. and Europe are restructuring their supply chains and increasing strategic stockpiling of tungsten, with the U.S. imposing tariffs and planning to boost tungsten inventory levels [3][23][27]. - China's export controls on tungsten products are expected to limit the export of midstream products, while downstream high-value tungsten products may see increased export opportunities [3][30]. Group 3: Supply Constraints and Demand Growth - China's tungsten production growth is slowing, with a significant drop in the over-extraction rate from 32% in 2020 to 14% in 2024, indicating a tightening supply [16][36]. - Emerging industries, such as photovoltaic tungsten wire and robotics, are driving domestic demand, while geopolitical conflicts are stimulating overseas demand for tungsten [41][45]. - The global tungsten supply is expected to face constraints, with only Kazakhstan and South Korea likely to contribute significant supply increases in the short term [36][38].
中金:“新消费热潮”背后的宏观线索
中金点睛· 2025-06-10 23:48
点击小程序查看报告原文 当前,尽管总体消费仍显不足,但新消费不乏热点。中国消费市场更多呈现 " 消费分级 " 的特征,并非简单 的 " 消费降级 " ,消费者更愿为 " 有品质的低价 " 和 " 有理由的溢价 " 买单。我国也正处在从大众消费向个性与理性 消费转换的阶段。从总量看,消费市场结构性亮点必须建立在整体消费企稳的宏观基础之上。从结构看, Z 世 代的消费意愿、消费能力以及注重情价比和质价比的消费特征,均驱动了新消费的浪潮,而低能级城市受房地 产的拖累也正在减弱,助力消费潜力释放。 资料来源:Wind,艾媒咨询,中金公司研究部 4)。2024年小红书用户调研数据显示,产品品质、情绪价值、性价比是用户购物决策的前三大考虑因素(图 表5),功能需要、愉悦心情、彰显品味个性是购买产品的前三大原因(图表6)。 尽管总体消费仍显不足,但新消费不乏热点。 一方面,从总量上看,受金融周期下行调整影响,消费的量价均 较低迷,无论是人均居民消费支出还是CPI均低于2020年前的趋势(图表1)。但另一方面,消费的新热点和新 浪潮不断涌现,以茶饮、潮玩、轻奢、宠物龙头为代表的新消费企业[1]在2024年平均实现了65%的营 ...
中金2025下半年展望 | 汇率:多重利空扰动美元汇率
中金点睛· 2025-06-10 00:21
点击小程序查看报告原文 Abstract 摘要 在我们跟踪的三个主要的外汇交易策略中,价值策略取代套息策略,成为了今年迄今为止最好的外汇交易策略。而套息策略继去年第三季度之后,在今年 4月份再度遭遇关税的外生冲击,该策略虽然仍为正收益,但高波动令其性价比在2025年显著回落。套息头寸较大的亚洲货币则在5月份继续面临平仓压 力。趋势策略则成为了三大策略中唯一亏损的策略。美元指数虽然从高位下跌了10%,但做空美元的负carry以及汇率短期波动的不确定性让"追涨杀跌"成 为了收益性相对较差的策略。 2025年迄今为止,全球外汇市场围绕着美国政府政策的各种不确定性展开交易。在1月特朗普正式上任后,美元指数在多重利空的影响下下跌了超过 10%。一季度美元的弱势源自于某些政策支票并未兑现所带来的特朗普交易退坡,而从二季度开始,多重利空继续推动美元破位下行。4月2日之后,我们 认为美元的下跌主要源自3方面的交易:一是关税对美国经济的不确定性的影响。与2018年的中美关税摩擦不同,美元指数与关税不确定性在今年4月之后 呈现反向的相关关系。而欧元、日元、瑞郎是规避关税风险的三个主要的避险货币,相对美元走势强劲。二是对"海湖庄园 ...
中金:“准平衡”复苏——中国宏观2025下半年展望
中金点睛· 2025-06-10 00:21
Core Viewpoint - The article highlights the phenomenon of improving GDP growth alongside weak inflation, attributing this to financial cycle adjustments and restrained policy measures, leading to a widening demand gap that suppresses inflation growth [1][2][3]. Economic Performance - Over the past two quarters, GDP year-on-year growth has reached 5.4%, while inflation remains weak, with CPI growth close to zero due to the drag from food prices, particularly pork [2][12]. - The core CPI inflation is lower than previous predictions, indicating a persistent divergence between economic growth and inflation [2][12]. Labor Market Dynamics - Economic structure optimization and technological advancements have led to a decrease in labor intensity, with labor demand slowing down. By 2024, labor intensity in China's secondary and tertiary industries is expected to be around 70-80 compared to 2018 levels [3][29]. - The overall unemployment rate remains stable, but income growth has slowed, indicating a shift towards a "quasi-equilibrium" state in the labor market [3][51]. Future Economic Outlook - The "quasi-equilibrium" growth is expected to continue in the second half of the year, with GDP year-on-year growth projected at approximately 5.0% for the year [4][56]. - CPI inflation is anticipated to remain low, with core inflation showing slight improvement but still expected to be in a negative range for the year [4][60]. Structural Changes - The financial cycle is transitioning, with a gradual reduction in the negative impact of real estate on the economy. The contribution of real estate to GDP growth turned negative in the second half of 2021, but this drag is diminishing [8][12]. - The shift towards new economic models, including high-end manufacturing, is increasing production efficiency and altering the labor market dynamics [16][22]. Consumption and Investment Trends - Consumer spending is expected to stabilize, with the "old-for-new" policy contributing to retail sales growth, although its impact may weaken in the fourth quarter due to base effects [45][54]. - Fixed asset investment is projected to grow by around 4.0% for the year, with manufacturing investment expected to increase by 8.0% [55][56]. Trade and Export Dynamics - Exports are facing challenges from tariffs but are expected to show resilience, with a projected year-on-year growth of around 4.0% [56][57]. - The import growth is anticipated to be structurally weak, with a potential year-on-year growth close to zero [56][57].
中金2025下半年展望 | 港股市场:资金盛与资产荒
中金点睛· 2025-06-10 00:21
Group 1 - The performance of the Hong Kong stock market in the first half of 2025 was notable, significantly outperforming A-shares and showing resilience despite the impact of "reciprocal tariffs" [1][10] - The market has faced challenges, including pulse-like rebounds and a concentration of performance in a few sectors, with only 35% of stocks outperforming the index since the beginning of the year [1][13] - The outlook for the second half of 2025 is uncertain, with the potential for the market to maintain resilience amidst tariff uncertainties and prevailing sentiments [1][14] Group 2 - The core issue facing the Chinese economy is the ongoing credit contraction in the private sector, driven by a mismatch between return expectations and costs, rather than a lack of liquidity or low interest rates [2][16] - As of April, China's M2 reached 325 trillion RMB, 2.4 times GDP, and household savings hit a record high of 145 trillion RMB, indicating ample liquidity [2][16] - The actual interest rate remains high relative to the natural rate, creating a situation where return expectations for residents and enterprises are lower than their financing costs [2][17] Group 3 - Solutions to the credit contraction include increasing return expectations and lowering financing costs, with a focus on external interventions such as fiscal policies or new growth points like AI technology [3][22] - The current credit cycle is not in a phase of significant deleveraging but is also not ready for substantial expansion, suggesting a period of stagnation in the second half of 2025 [4][27] - Key factors influencing the credit cycle include tariffs, fiscal policy, and AI developments, with the relative changes in these areas being crucial for future market direction [4][27] Group 4 - The market is characterized by excess liquidity and limited returns, leading to overall index fluctuations and structural opportunities [5][41] - Investors are seeking either stable returns or growth returns, with sectors like new consumption and technology showing significant improvements in return on equity (ROE) [6][42] - Historical patterns indicate that the current market conditions resemble previous periods of wide index fluctuations, providing opportunities for sector-focused investments [7][41] Group 5 - The outlook for corporate earnings in 2025 suggests a slight growth of 2% under a 30% tariff scenario, with overall earnings growth expected to be limited [8][45] - Valuation levels are constrained, with high dividend yields of 5-6% and a crowded new economy sector, indicating limited room for overall market recovery [8][48] - The inflow of southbound funds remains a significant driver for the Hong Kong market, with an estimated inflow of 200-300 billion HKD expected this year [9][9]
中金2025下半年展望 | 全球市场:共识化的“去美元”
中金点睛· 2025-06-10 00:21
Group 1 - The article discusses the impact of "reciprocal tariffs" on global markets, leading to a growing consensus on "de-dollarization" and the potential for U.S. assets to outperform in the second half of 2025 [1][17][20] - The relative strength of the credit cycles in the U.S. and China is highlighted, indicating a shift from expansion to contraction, and then to rebalancing in the second half of 2025 [2][22][24] - Key factors influencing the credit cycles include tariffs, fiscal policy, and AI, which are essential for analyzing the economic outlook for both countries [3][18][19] Group 2 - In the U.S., the credit cycle may restart, but the third quarter is expected to remain chaotic, providing buying opportunities amid volatility [3][4][5] - The article notes that the U.S. economy has a solid foundation, with inflation pressures potentially easing, allowing for interest rate cuts in the fourth quarter [5][6][30] - Tax cuts are expected to support consumer spending and stimulate corporate investment, with the potential for a significant increase in capital expenditures [6][35][37] Group 3 - In contrast, China's credit cycle is still in a contraction phase, primarily due to high costs exceeding return expectations, which limits the willingness of the private sector to leverage [8][10] - The article emphasizes the need for fiscal stimulus and emerging growth points to improve return expectations in China, as current fiscal policies are seen as insufficient [9][10][12] - The potential for structural opportunities in the Chinese market is noted, with a focus on quality assets amid limited overall market direction [10][11][12] Group 4 - The article suggests that the U.S. market may not be as pessimistic as anticipated, with opportunities in U.S. assets, particularly in bonds and equities, as the market adjusts to tariff impacts [11][12][30] - For China, the focus remains on structural opportunities, with Hong Kong stocks expected to outperform A-shares, while caution is advised against excessive speculation [11][12][15] - The overall investment strategy should consider the potential for volatility in the third quarter, with a focus on quality assets and structural growth [10][11][12]
中金缪延亮:国际货币体系的十个“未解之谜”
中金点睛· 2025-06-08 23:57
Core Viewpoint - The current international monetary system is undergoing profound changes due to the long-term disorderly expansion of U.S. public debt, the "weaponization" of the dollar during the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and various policy proposals during the Trump 2.0 era, which erode the credibility of the dollar as the world's reserve currency [2]. Group 1: Triffin Dilemma Misinterpretations - The "Triffin Dilemma" has evolved into two versions post-Bretton Woods: one concerning the current account and the other regarding "safe assets," both of which contain significant misunderstandings [4][13]. - Misconceptions include confusing net capital with total capital inflows, mixing "earned" and "borrowed" foreign exchange reserves, and conflating bilateral with multilateral capital flows [17][19][20]. - The supply of dollar liquidity is not necessarily linked to the U.S. current account deficit, as the U.S. maintained a current account surplus for about 30 years after becoming the primary reserve currency [14][21]. Group 2: U.S. Stocks as Safe Assets - Overseas funds have shifted from U.S. Treasury bonds to U.S. stocks, leading to the disappearance of the equity risk premium in the S&P 500, indicating that investors now view U.S. stocks as safe assets [5][23]. - This shift is driven by declining safety perceptions of U.S. debt and the stable long-term growth of U.S. stocks, with significant capital inflows into the U.S. stock market [26][30]. Group 3: U.S. Reserve Currency Status - The U.S. is unlikely to relinquish its status as the world's reserve currency due to the substantial benefits it provides, including the international seigniorage revenue [6][32]. - The unique asset-liability structure of the U.S. allows it to benefit from dollar depreciation, effectively transferring payment burdens globally [36][39]. Group 4: Declining Economic Share vs. Rising Financial Dominance - While the U.S. share of the real economy is declining, its share in international finance is increasing, primarily due to the offshore dollar being the most important financing currency and onshore dollars being viewed as safe assets [7][40][44]. - The expansion of cross-border capital flows has outpaced trade growth, reinforcing the dollar's financial position [46]. Group 5: Dollar Cycles - The dollar exhibits cyclical characteristics influenced by fundamentals, policies, and capital flows, with positive feedback mechanisms amplifying these cycles [8][48][52]. - The dollar's appreciation impacts global economies asymmetrically, benefiting the U.S. while constraining other economies [53]. Group 6: The Dollar's Global Impact - The U.S. often emerges unscathed from global crises, with the adverse effects disproportionately affecting non-U.S. economies due to the asymmetrical impact of U.S. monetary policy [56][58]. - The dollar's status as a reserve currency provides the U.S. with unique advantages, including lower financing costs and the ability to conduct fiscal stimulus without immediate repayment pressures [57]. Group 7: Need for an International Monetary System - The current trend towards a multi-polar world raises questions about the necessity of an international monetary system, with the dollar still playing a central role in global trade and finance [62][63]. - A multi-currency system may be preferable to a non-system, as it allows for currency competition and provides space for emerging currencies like the renminbi [64]. Group 8: Transitioning to a Multi-Currency System - Transitioning from a dollar-centric system to a multi-currency system requires policy coordination among major currency issuers and flexible exchange rate arrangements [11][65].
中金2025下半年展望 | A股市场:韧稳致远
中金点睛· 2025-06-08 23:57
1) 全球地缘再重估和国际货币秩序重构带来的机遇与挑战。 年初特朗普上任以来外部不确定性显著提升,对等关税等一系列举措影响下,全球投资者开 始新一轮"地缘再重估"。叠加美国自身财政宽松导致债务问题突出,美元和美债的安全资产属性边际下降,国际货币秩序面临重构。这个过程对于我国而 言既是挑战也是机遇,外部资金能否回流以及中国资产重估能否延续,不仅取决于外部环境的变化,也取决于我国自身发展前景及应对。 2) 我国经济内生动能稳步复苏仍是关键。 年初我国经济增长取得良好开局,体现一揽子稳增长政策效果,但内生动能复苏仍面临较多挑战。外需方面, 我国制造业韧性为经济增长的重要贡献点,但考虑到关税税率的不确定性,未来"抢出口"效应减弱后外部压力或有所提升。内部方面,地产链目前量价均 有压力,仍需"止跌回稳";物价上,供给侧产能出清已取得一定成效,但通胀预期偏弱仍是下半年的主要矛盾之一。从政策效果而言,我们认为财政加快 现有资金使用并在下半年推出增量政策,可能仍是改善基本面问题的关键。基准情形下,结合2024年偏低的基数,我们测算A股/非金融2025年盈利同比 4%/8%左右,增速有望企稳回升,实现产能出清和景气回升行业数量 ...
中金2025下半年展望 | 美国宏观经济:美国式再平衡
中金点睛· 2025-06-08 23:57
Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the significant impact of the Trump administration's tariff policies on the U.S. economy, highlighting the multifaceted use of tariffs as a tool to address various domestic economic and social issues, including trade deficits, social inequality, national security, government debt, illegal immigration, and drug abuse [2][20]. Tariff Policy and Economic Impact - The effective tariff rate in the U.S. rose to 28.4% before decreasing to 15.5% after progress in U.S.-China talks, still significantly higher than 2.4% in 2024, marking the highest level in nearly a century [6][11]. - Tariffs are viewed as a negative supply shock with "stagflation" effects, potentially leading to inflationary pressures in the U.S. economy, although the current inflation is expected to be more structural and one-time rather than indicative of overheating [3][27]. - The uncertainty surrounding tariff policies is causing businesses to delay investments and reduce hiring, contributing to downward pressure on economic activity [3][33]. Currency Valuation - The tariffs have unexpectedly led to a depreciation of the U.S. dollar, as investors perceive the high tariffs to be more harmful to the U.S. economy than to other countries, prompting a shift away from dollar assets [3][38]. - Concerns about potential strategies to devalue the dollar, similar to historical events like the Smith Agreement and Plaza Accord, are present, but the article suggests that active devaluation is not the baseline scenario [3][40]. Fiscal Policy and Tariffs - Tariffs function as a form of tax that can be passed on to consumers, acting as a "hidden consumption tax," which may help alleviate some deficit pressures but raises concerns about the high levels of government debt [4][45]. - The "One Big Beautiful Bill" proposed by the House aims to make tax cuts permanent while also cutting welfare spending, reflecting a functional fiscal approach that may limit inflationary pressures [4][49]. Economic Forecast - The U.S. economy is expected to experience "slowing growth and phase-in inflation" in the second half of 2025, with core CPI inflation projected to rise from 2.9% in Q2 to 3.5% in Q4 [6][58]. - Real GDP growth for 2025 is forecasted to decline to 2.0%, with further slowing in domestic demand indicators [6][58]. - The Federal Reserve is anticipated to delay interest rate cuts until Q4 2025, with a potential reduction of 25 basis points [6][59]. Trade Negotiations and Future Tariff Policies - Future tariff negotiations may focus on expanding U.S. exports and reducing trade barriers from other countries, with a possibility of maintaining a 10% base tariff as a revenue-generating measure [20][21]. - Tariffs related to illegal immigration and fentanyl may be lifted if substantial progress is made by other countries in addressing these issues [22][23]. - The article emphasizes that Trump's tariff policies reflect a broader trend of re-evaluating globalization and are likely to become institutionalized as part of his administration's strategy [23].
中金2025下半年展望 | 大宗商品综述:一致预期后的变局
中金点睛· 2025-06-08 23:57
点击小程序查看报告原文 Abstract 摘要 关税冲击风险偏好,外部突变因素驱动商品价格共振 关税冲击风险偏好,外部突变因素驱动商品价格共振 上半年,大宗商品市场频繁发生同涨同跌的共振行情,背后驱动却并非基本面的内生同频,而更多源于意外变量的外部冲击。我们认为美国关税政策反复 是商品市场共同面对的核心变数,从贸易政策不确定性驱动跨市套利交易、提振海外金属价格,到"对等关税"超预期、商品市场迎来抛售。市场资金的剧 烈流动中或已显示,本次美国关税政策对商品市场风险偏好的冲击并不亚于2020年全球疫情和2022年俄乌冲突时期,我们认为一致预期的演绎和定价可能 已经较为充分。继特朗普政府在4月23日传递关税政策缓和信号[1],再到5月12日中美日内瓦经贸会谈联合声明发布[2],关税不确定性似乎初步见顶,全 球经济衰退担忧缓和,商品价格和市场持仓的回补或均显示一致预期的修正进程已经开始。 一致预期后的变局可 能来自 于商品基本面的易变因素 展望下半年,贸易政策和地缘局势对商品市场的影响或将从预期到现实,而这本身也是不确定性从检验到修正的过程,不同商品基本面所面临的易变因素 可能带来预期差机会,成为一致预期后的市场变局 ...