【物价】农产品、工业品价格多有回落。 本周，农产品方面，蔬菜、猪肉、鸡蛋价格有所回落，环比分 别-2.2%、-2.3%、-0.1%。工业品方面，南华工业品价格指数环比-0.4%。其中，能化价格指数环 比-0.9%，金属价格指数环比-0.4%。 风险提示 关注、加星，第一时间接收推送！ 文 | 赵伟、 屠强 、 赵宇 联系人 | 屠强、浦聚颖 摘要 高频跟踪：工业生产平稳运行，基建开工边际改善，人流出行强度大幅上行。 【工业生产】工业生产平稳运行。 本周，高炉开工保持韧性，同比-0.6pct至3.1%。化工链开工有所改 善，纯碱、PTA和涤纶长丝开工同比分别+1.5、+1.2、+1.6pct至1.3%、1.2%、2.9%。相比之下，汽车半 钢胎开工有较大回落，同比-11.3pct至-17.9%。 【建筑业开工】建筑业开工表现分化。 本周，全国粉磨开工率、水泥出货率有所回落，同比分别-14pct 至-5%、-3.8pct至-6.3%。沥青开工率同比有所上行，较前周+7pct至2%。 【下游需求】港口货运量明显好转，人流出行强度大幅回升。 本周，反映出口的港口货物吞吐量有较大 上行，同比+10.4pct至4.2%。 ...

二、4月国内市场的焦点？关税冲击下"抢出口"特征明显，"增量政策"序幕拉开 关注、加星，第一时间接收推送！ 摘要 4月以来，特朗普超预期的关税政策，一石激起千层浪；5月初，美英贸易协议达成、国内增量政策出 台，积极的变化已在显现。后续国内外关注的焦点、政策的可能演绎？供参考。 一、4月海外市场的主线？特朗普关税政策超预期，海外衰退担忧明显升温 4月2日，特朗普宣布的"对等关税"成为了4月海外市场的核心焦点。 对等关税落地后，美国平均关税税 率升至27%，关税抬升速度及水平超过1930年代水平。随后，部分经济体予以反制，特朗普也在4月9日 宣布暂停对等关税90天，旨在创造谈判窗口、缓和通胀压力。 一方面，关税政策显著加剧了全球的衰退风险，海外市场衰退交易特征明显。 美国的关税政策一方面导 致经济、贸易不确定性快速飙升，冲击企业的经营活动；另一方面也导致通胀预期大幅升温，压制消费 者信心。这一背景下，海外衰退担忧升温，风险资产普跌、避险资产普涨。 另一方面，关税政策一度引发资金flight to non-US，导致美国出现了罕见的"股债汇三杀"。 关税冲击加 剧了市场对美债安全性的质疑，资金快速从美债市场向欧洲等 ...

Group 1 - The core viewpoint of the article is that the recent US-UK trade agreement, termed the "Economic Prosperity Agreement," reflects a shift in US trade negotiation strategies, prioritizing political gains and maintaining tariffs as a central goal [2][17][59] - The agreement allows the US to retain a 10% baseline tariff on UK goods while reducing tariffs on automobiles and steel/aluminum imports from the UK [2][59] - The UK has agreed to expand agricultural imports from the US, including a quota for 1.3 million tons of beef and a commitment to purchase $10 billion worth of Boeing aircraft [2][59] Group 2 - The US is currently engaged in trade negotiations with approximately 17 economies, including India, Japan, and Vietnam, with a focus on achieving quick agreements with smaller economies to bolster political support for the Trump administration [4][61] - Key conflicts in negotiations with the EU center around digital services taxes and automotive import barriers, with the EU maintaining a significant trade surplus with the US [4][26][61] - The US-Japan negotiations face challenges primarily in the automotive and agricultural sectors, with the US seeking to increase military funding contributions from Japan while also pushing for reduced tariffs on US agricultural products [4][32][61] Group 3 - Future trade conflicts may evolve through a strategy of splitting issues and pursuing partial agreements, particularly with smaller economies that have lower trade imbalance levels with the US [5][39][62] - The likelihood of reaching comprehensive agreements with major economies in the short term is low, suggesting a phased approach to negotiations may be more realistic [5][62] - Historical precedents indicate that US trade conflicts often end in political backlash or through WTO rulings, highlighting the complexities of achieving lasting trade agreements [5][51][62]

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the potential impact of tariffs on inflation and the Federal Reserve's interest rate decisions, highlighting a divergence in market expectations regarding rate cuts in 2025 due to financial pressures and the risk of stagflation [1][5]. Group 1: Financial Pressure as a Key Factor - In a stagflation environment, the Federal Reserve faces challenges in balancing its dual mandate, with financial pressure emerging as a primary concern [2][48]. - The economic effects of tariffs are contributing to stagflation, as indicated by manufacturing PMI and short-term inflation expectations, suggesting that stagflation risks are increasing [2][48]. - The Federal Reserve's recent stance indicates a preference for a reactive approach rather than a preemptive one, focusing on the economic impact of tariffs and uncertainty in the economic outlook [7][48]. Group 2: Impact of Financial Pressure on Decision-Making - Sustained financial pressure may lead the Federal Reserve to consider policy adjustments, as rising financial pressure often signals economic downturn expectations [3][24]. - Historical instances show that rising financial pressure has been a significant condition for the Federal Reserve to adopt a dovish stance, such as during the 2015-2016 period and the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic [3][28]. - The article emphasizes that financial conditions, including credit, valuation, and liquidity, are critical in assessing the overall financial pressure faced by the economy [24][25]. Group 3: Expectations for Rate Cuts in 2025 - The article anticipates that the Federal Reserve may initiate rate cuts in the third quarter of 2025, as the economic narrative shifts from stagflation to recession [4][35]. - The upcoming months will see market focus on the balance between inflation and economic slowdown, with expectations that if inflationary pressures ease while economic downturns persist, the Federal Reserve's primary concerns will shift accordingly [4][35]. - The probability of rate cuts may decrease if financial markets remain stable, but overall financial pressures are expected to trend upward, paving the way for potential rate cuts later in the year [4][35].

Group 1 - The article discusses the divergence in market expectations regarding the Federal Reserve's interest rate cuts in the context of potential stagflation risks due to tariffs [1][43] - The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meeting in May emphasized a "wait-and-see" approach, indicating that the economic outlook remains uncertain with rising risks of higher unemployment and inflation [2][31] - The article highlights the recent trade agreement between the US and the UK, where the US retains a 10% tariff on UK imports while reducing tariffs on certain automotive products [25][29] Group 2 - The performance of major overseas assets showed mixed results, with a notable rebound in oil prices, as WTI crude oil increased by 4.7% to $61.0 per barrel [19][20] - The article notes that the 10-year US Treasury yield rose by 4 basis points to 4.37%, reflecting a general upward trend in developed market bond yields [8][12] - Emerging market bond yields exhibited a mixed trend, with India's 10-year yield rising by 13 basis points to 6.48%, while Brazil's yield fell by 36 basis points to 13.70% [9][12] Group 3 - The article reports that US initial jobless claims were lower than market expectations, with 228,000 claims filed, indicating a robust labor market that supports the Fed's cautious stance [37] - The article mentions that Germany's industrial production in March exceeded market expectations, rising by 3% month-on-month, which may reflect increased exports to the US [35][36]

4 . 2 7 - 5 . 9 周度研究成果 2 0 2 5 申 万 宏 源 宏 观 研 究 团 队 深度专题 1、 深度专题 | 提振消费的"关键"？ 热点思考 高频跟踪 电话会议 1、"周见"系列会议第29期 《聚焦"政治局会议"》 《美债，风险"解除"了吗？——关税"压力测试"系列之四》 4、"洞见"系列会议第59期 《美国经济：滞涨困境、金融脆弱性与美联储对策——关税"压力测试"系列之五》 目录 1、 热点思考 | 美债，风险"解除"了吗？——关税"压力测试"系列之四 2、 热点思考 | 美国经济：滞胀困境、金融脆弱性与美联储对策——关税"压力测试"系列之五 3、 3分钟看清五一全球要闻 1、 海外高频 | 海外风险资产集体修复，黄金新高后获利回吐 2、 政策高频 | 加快建成具有全球影响力的科技创新高地 3、 利润正增能否延续？——工业企业效益数据点评（25.03） 4、 打好稳就业"组合拳"——稳就业稳经济新闻发布会学习理解 5、 4月PMI：内外开始分化 6、 "增量政策"序幕拉开——稳市场稳预期新闻发布会学习理解 7、 Top Charts | "五一"假期消费图鉴 8、 Top Charts ...

事件： 5 月 10 日，国家统计局公布 4 月通胀数据， CPI 同比 -0.1% 、前值 -0.1% 、预期 -0.2% 、环比 0.1% ； PPI 同比 -2.7% 、前值 -2.5% 、预期 -2.8% 、环比 -0.4%。 核心观点：关税对PPI冲击较大，但消费需求改善对核心CPI形成较大支撑。 国际油价下行，加之钢、煤等需求较弱， 4 月大宗商品价格回落对 PPI 构成较大拖累。 4 月 PPI 环比 -0.4% 。其中国际油价下行令国内油价持续回落，石油开采 (-3.1%) 、石油加工 PPI(-2.6%) 环比均为负， 测算油价拖累 PPI 环比 -0.1% 。同时，地产景气回落，煤炭供应充足且进入传统淡季，钢、煤价格也有 回落，相应黑色压延、煤炭开采 PPI 环比分别 -1% 、 -3.3% ，测算钢、煤价拖累 PPI 环比 -0.3% 。而铜 价贡献为正，测算铜价支撑 PPI 环比 0.1% 。 中下游等行业价格回落也约束 PPI 回升，既反映关税冲击的影响，也与国内中下游产能利用率偏低有 关。 中下游产能利润率偏低仍在对相应行业 PPI 构成拖累，尤其是美国关税加码影响下，部分出口行业 ...

摘要 事件： 5月09日，央行发布2025年一季度货币政策执行报告（以下简称《报告》）。 经济形势分析：当前外部冲击影响加大，我国经济持续回升向好的基础还需要进一步稳固。 央行对外部环境关注度显著提高，《报告》指出"当前外部冲击影响加大，世界经济增长动能不足，贸易 保护主义抬头，地缘冲突持续存在"。 2024年四季度报告对应表述是"当前外部环境变化带来的不利影响 加深"。两次相比较，本次更加突出了外部环境的不利影响，显示出央行密切关注美国单边贸易保护主义 对我国经济的扰动。 央行肯定一季度经济表现，并强调要"要坚定发展信心，以高质量发展的确定性应对外部环境变化的不确 定性"。 2024年四季度报告认为"国内需求不足、风险隐患仍然较多等困难挑战也还存在"，而本次报告则 认为"我国经济持续回升向好的基础还需要进一步稳固"。针对下一阶段，央行强调我国具备诸多优势条 件，经济长期向好的基本趋势没有改变。 政策基调：灵活把握政策实施的力度和节奏，降低银行负债成本。 总基调方面，《报告》提出"灵活把握政策实施的力度和节奏"，后续货币政策或更重视执行过程中的动 态响应。 《报告》将上季度报告的"择机调整优化"，修改为"灵活 ...

Core Viewpoint - The leading indicators suggest that "export rush" may continue into May, with April exports showing a year-on-year increase of 8.1%, significantly influenced by the end of the Spring Festival distortion [2][3][11]. Export Analysis - The decline in April exports is primarily due to the fading impact of the Spring Festival distortion, with a calculated drag of 6.7 percentage points on the export growth rate [3][11]. - The strong performance in April exports is attributed to "export rush," including re-exports through emerging economies and transit through Mexico, with improvements in the data chain from production to shipping [3][19]. - Exports to ASEAN and South Korea saw significant increases, with growth rates of 21.0% and -0.1% respectively, indicating a recovery in trade relationships [3][19]. Resilience in Exports to the U.S. - Exports to the U.S. showed relative resilience, with a decline of only 20.9%, which is significantly less than the 145% tariff increase, indicating the difficulty of replacing Chinese manufacturing [4][30]. - The strong performance in intermediate and capital goods, such as ships and steel, reflects the trend of exporting production materials to emerging countries for processing and subsequent re-export to the U.S. [4][34]. Future Outlook - Leading indicators suggest that the "export rush" effect may persist into May, but uncertainties loom for June exports due to the 90-day tariff suspension on emerging economies and the one-month shipping delay [5][71]. - The processing trade imports, which are a leading indicator for export trends, showed a year-on-year increase of 5.0%, indicating continued export activity in May [5][71]. Regular Tracking - April exports showed a decline in consumer goods, with notable decreases in electronics and textiles, while capital goods like ships saw significant growth [6][42]. - Import growth in April was driven by a recovery in bulk commodity imports, with copper and iron ore showing increases of 22.0% and 8.0% respectively, reflecting a rebound in domestic investment demand [7][73].

2. 政策跟踪： 加快建成具有全球影响力的科技创新高地 2.1 中央政治局会议："坚定不移办好自己的事" 中共中央政治局4月25日召开会议，分析研究当前经济形势和经济工作。会议对外部风险高度警惕，对 内强调"办好自己的事"，并将"稳就业"放在更加突出位置。针对当前国际形势，政治局会议将其上升为"国 际经贸斗争"，与"反腐败斗争"措辞一致。在外部高度不确定性环境下，会议更加关注内部的高质量发展， 强调"坚定不移办好自己的事"，"着力稳就业、稳企业、稳市场、稳预期"。 未来，政策的灵活性和超常规性将兼备，会议提出"根据形势变化及时推出增量储备政策，加强超常规 逆周期调节"。因当前美国政策的高度不确定性，我国经济表现的可预测性也有所下降。再结合政治局会 议"要强化底线思维，充分备足预案"的表述，预计后续政策高度关注经济数据的边际变化，在数据波动加大 的时间段再度加码，保证经济增长的稳定性。 贾东旭 高级宏观分析师 侯倩楠 宏观分析师 联系人： 贾东旭 政策跟踪 政治局会议要求对既定政策的快速落实，明确提出"加紧实施"，"既定政策早出台早见效"。首先，政治 局会议敦促既定政策落地，预计两会相关政策后续落实速度将进一步 ...